Document (#20571)

Author
Pritchard-Schoch, T.
Title
Natural language comes of age
Source
Online. 17(1993) no.3, S.33-43
Year
1993
Abstract
Discusses natural languages and the natural language implementations of Westlaw's full-text legal documents, Westlaw Is Natural. Natural language is not aritificial intelligence but a hybrid of linguistics, mathematics and statistics. Provides 3 classes of retrieval models. Explains how Westlaw processes an English query. Assesses WIN. Covers WIN enhancements; the natural language features of Congressional Quarterly's Washington Alert using a document for a query; the personal librarian front end search software and Dowquest from Dow Jones news/retrieval. Conmsiders whether natural language encourages fuzzy thinking and whether Boolean logic will still be needed
Theme
Automatisches Indexieren
Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

  1. Pritchard, J.: Information retrieval : smarter indexing (1991) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 4890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 4890, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4890)
    
  2. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Integrated text and image management (1991) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 3145) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 3145, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3145)
    
  3. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Geographic information systems : report from GIS'99 (1999) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 6458) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 6458, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6458)
    
  4. Pritchard, E.E.: Retrospective conversion of journal titles to online formats : which disciplines make good choices? (1999) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 6705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 6705, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6705)
    
  5. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Developments in document management systems (1998) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 440) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 440, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=440)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Tenopir, C.: Online databases : natural language searching with WIN (1993) 0.37
    0.37454143 = sum of:
      0.37454143 = product of:
        1.8727071 = sum of:
          0.11828378 = weight(abstract_txt:logic in 7038) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11828378 = score(doc=7038,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.10727621 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0020379 = boost
                6.237302 = idf(docFreq=234, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              1.1026096 = fieldWeight in 7038, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.237302 = idf(docFreq=234, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7038)
          0.11901622 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 7038) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11901622 = score(doc=7038,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.10771861 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.004102 = boost
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              1.1048808 = fieldWeight in 7038, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7038)
          1.0621597 = weight(abstract_txt:westlaw in 7038) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            1.0621597 = score(doc=7038,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.5101048 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.0901327 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              2.0822382 = fieldWeight in 7038, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7038)
          0.12605765 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 7038) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12605765 = score(doc=7038,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24113825 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3593132 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.5227609 = fieldWeight in 7038, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7038)
          0.44718975 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 7038) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.44718975 = score(doc=7038,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.4980205 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.712222 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.89793444 = fieldWeight in 7038, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7038)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  2. Pritchard-Schoch, T.: Comparing natural language retrieval : Win & Freestyle (1995) 0.21
    0.21340476 = sum of:
      0.21340476 = product of:
        1.3337798 = sum of:
          0.1472942 = weight(abstract_txt:legal in 2546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1472942 = score(doc=2546,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.10847092 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0076022 = boost
                6.2719374 = idf(docFreq=226, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              1.3579142 = fieldWeight in 2546, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                6.2719374 = idf(docFreq=226, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2546)
          0.61323816 = weight(abstract_txt:westlaw in 2546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.61323816 = score(doc=2546,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.5101048 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.0901327 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              1.2021807 = fieldWeight in 2546, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2546)
          0.12605765 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12605765 = score(doc=2546,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24113825 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3593132 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.5227609 = fieldWeight in 2546, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2546)
          0.44718975 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 2546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.44718975 = score(doc=2546,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.4980205 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.712222 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.89793444 = fieldWeight in 2546, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2546)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  3. Samstag-Schnock, U.; Meadow, C.T.: PBS: an ecomical natural language query interpreter (1993) 0.19
    0.191742 = sum of:
      0.191742 = product of:
        0.79892504 = sum of:
          0.083639264 = weight(abstract_txt:logic in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.083639264 = score(doc=5091,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.10727621 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0020379 = boost
                6.237302 = idf(docFreq=234, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.7796627 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.237302 = idf(docFreq=234, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
          0.11901622 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11901622 = score(doc=5091,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.10771861 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.004102 = boost
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              1.1048808 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
          0.02893121 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02893121 = score(doc=5091,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06660155 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1165794 = boost
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.43439242 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
          0.12506977 = weight(abstract_txt:front in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12506977 = score(doc=5091,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14028078 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.14586 = boost
                7.132539 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.89156735 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.132539 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
          0.12605765 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12605765 = score(doc=5091,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24113825 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3593132 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.5227609 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
          0.31621093 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 5091) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.31621093 = score(doc=5091,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.4980205 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.712222 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.63493556 = fieldWeight in 5091, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5091)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  4. Chowdhury, G.G.: Natural language processing (2002) 0.14
    0.14339742 = sum of:
      0.14339742 = product of:
        0.7169871 = sum of:
          0.06326786 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistics in 4284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06326786 = score(doc=4284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.12183312 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.067862 = boost
                6.6470313 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.5192993 = fieldWeight in 4284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6470313 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4284)
          0.06420262 = weight(abstract_txt:mathematics in 4284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06420262 = score(doc=4284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.123030216 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0730954 = boost
                6.6796074 = idf(docFreq=150, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.5218443 = fieldWeight in 4284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6796074 = idf(docFreq=150, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4284)
          0.018082006 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 4284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.018082006 = score(doc=4284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06660155 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1165794 = boost
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.27149525 = fieldWeight in 4284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4284)
          0.17617093 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.17617093 = score(doc=4284,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.24113825 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3593132 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.7305806 = fieldWeight in 4284, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4284)
          0.39526367 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 4284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.39526367 = score(doc=4284,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.4980205 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.712222 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.79366946 = fieldWeight in 4284, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4284)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  5. Paris, L.A.H.; Tibbo, H.R.: Freestyle vs. Boolean : a comparison of partial and exact match retrieval systems (1998) 0.13
    0.13351874 = sum of:
      0.13351874 = product of:
        0.6675937 = sum of:
          0.089262165 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 3329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.089262165 = score(doc=3329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.10771861 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.004102 = boost
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.8286606 = fieldWeight in 3329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.2501497 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3329)
          0.03068618 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 3329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03068618 = score(doc=3329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06660155 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1165794 = boost
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.4607427 = fieldWeight in 3329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3329)
          0.07854873 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 3329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07854873 = score(doc=3329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.12462789 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.527408 = boost
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.6302661 = fieldWeight in 3329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3329)
          0.13370435 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13370435 = score(doc=3329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.24113825 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3593132 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.55447173 = fieldWeight in 3329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3329)
          0.33539233 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 3329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.33539233 = score(doc=3329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.4980205 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.712222 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017164158 = queryNorm
              0.6734508 = fieldWeight in 3329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3329)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)