Document (#23785)

Author

Charlier, M.

Title

DNS und TLD

Source

Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.89 vom 17.4.2001, S.19

Year

2001

Abstract

Dass wir uns im Web bewegen können, ohne nachzuschlagen, wer unter welcher Nummer erreichbar ist, verdanken wir dem Domain Name Service (DNS). Der nimmt uns diese Arbeit ab, meistens so zuverlässig, dass vielen Internet-Nutzern seine Existenz nicht bewusst ist. In Wirklichkeit werden Rechner im Netz mit nummerischen IP-Adressen gekennzeichnet, dargestellt in vier acht Bit-Dezimalen - 194.175.173.20 liest sich das etwa. Und die DNS-Datenbanken wissen: Aufrufe von www.fr-aktuell.de müssen an den Rechner mit dieser Nummer durchgeschaltet werden. Damit es kein Durcheinander gibt, darf jede Adresse nur einmal im Netz präsent sein. Deshalb ist der DNS hierarchisch aufgebaut. Jede Registrierungsstelle, hier zu Lande Denic, die eine IP-Adresse vergibt, meldet die Zuordnung an den Root Server A. Von da wird sie an die Datenbanken der zwölf anderen Server des a.root-server.net weitergegeben - und kann von allen Nameservem weltweit abgefragt werden. Zehn der 13 Knoten stehen in den USA und befinden sich mehrheitlich unter Kontrolle militärischer oder anderer staatlicher Institutionen. DNS-Änderungen gegen den Willen der US-Regierung sind so praktisch unmöglich. Bezeichnungen sind meist zweiteilig aufgebaut: Erst der Name der Domain wie fr-aktuell, dann ein Punkt und schließlich eine übergeordnete Top-Level-Domain (TLD) wie com oder de. Vor dem Domainnamen kann ein Rechnername (oft www) stehen, und davor vielleicht eine Subdomain, die der Inhaber einer Domain auf seinem Rechner nach eigenem Belieben einrichten kann. Hinter der TLD steht ein Slash /". Was danach kommt, gehört zum Pfad einer Datei auf dem Rechner - nicht zur Domain. Anfangs gab es sieben TLD, vergeben von amerikanischen Registraren: com(mercial), Net(work), Org(anization), Edu(cational), Gov(ernement), mil(itary) und int(ernational organisation). In einer ersten Erweiterung kamen Länderdomains dazu, etwa.de für Deutschland, at für Österreich, .ch für die Schweiz. Einige werden leicht zweckwidrig clever vermarktet: Der pazifische Inselstaat Tuvalu verkauft sein Suffix.tv für viel Geld weltweit an TV-Sender, Kongo will mit .cd die Musikbranche aufmischen. Und Tonga profitiert von Adressen wie come.to/sowienoch; ähnlich Österreich mitplay.at/ditunddat

Theme

Internet

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4. Buchner, M.: ¬Die Machete im Dschungel : Persönliche Auskunftsdienste: "Hier werden Sie geholfen" - Ratgeber sind die neue Konkurrenz für Internet-Suchmaschinen (2001) 0.18

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5. Becht, S.: ¬Das Linux des Wissens : Richard Stallmann plant eine frei zugängliche Enzyklopädie (2001) 0.16

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