Document (#29278)

Author

Zhu, B.
Chen, H.

Title

Information visualization

Source

Annual review of information science and technology. 39(2005), S.139-177

Year

2004

Abstract

Advanced technology has resulted in the generation of about one million terabytes of information every year. Ninety-reine percent of this is available in digital format (Keim, 2001). More information will be generated in the next three years than was created during all of previous human history (Keim, 2001). Collecting information is no longer a problem, but extracting value from information collections has become progressively more difficult. Various search engines have been developed to make it easier to locate information of interest, but these work well only for a person who has a specific goal and who understands what and how information is stored. This usually is not the Gase. Visualization was commonly thought of in terms of representing human mental processes (MacEachren, 1991; Miller, 1984). The concept is now associated with the amplification of these mental processes (Card, Mackinlay, & Shneiderman, 1999). Human eyes can process visual cues rapidly, whereas advanced information analysis techniques transform the computer into a powerful means of managing digitized information. Visualization offers a link between these two potent systems, the human eye and the computer (Gershon, Eick, & Card, 1998), helping to identify patterns and to extract insights from large amounts of information. The identification of patterns is important because it may lead to a scientific discovery, an interpretation of clues to solve a crime, the prediction of catastrophic weather, a successful financial investment, or a better understanding of human behavior in a computermediated environment. Visualization technology shows considerable promise for increasing the value of large-scale collections of information, as evidenced by several commercial applications of TreeMap (e.g., http://www.smartmoney.com) and Hyperbolic tree (e.g., http://www.inxight.com) to visualize large-scale hierarchical structures. Although the proliferation of visualization technologies dates from the 1990s where sophisticated hardware and software made increasingly faster generation of graphical objects possible, the role of visual aids in facilitating the construction of mental images has a long history. Visualization has been used to communicate ideas, to monitor trends implicit in data, and to explore large volumes of data for hypothesis generation. Imagine traveling to a strange place without a map, having to memorize physical and chemical properties of an element without Mendeleyev's periodic table, trying to understand the stock market without statistical diagrams, or browsing a collection of documents without interactive visual aids. A collection of information can lose its value simply because of the effort required for exhaustive exploration. Such frustrations can be overcome by visualization.
Visualization can be classified as scientific visualization, software visualization, or information visualization. Although the data differ, the underlying techniques have much in common. They use the same elements (visual cues) and follow the same rules of combining visual cues to deliver patterns. They all involve understanding human perception (Encarnacao, Foley, Bryson, & Feiner, 1994) and require domain knowledge (Tufte, 1990). Because most decisions are based an unstructured information, such as text documents, Web pages, or e-mail messages, this chapter focuses an the visualization of unstructured textual documents. The chapter reviews information visualization techniques developed over the last decade and examines how they have been applied in different domains. The first section provides the background by describing visualization history and giving overviews of scientific, software, and information visualization as well as the perceptual aspects of visualization. The next section assesses important visualization techniques that convert abstract information into visual objects and facilitate navigation through displays an a computer screen. It also explores information analysis algorithms that can be applied to identify or extract salient visualizable structures from collections of information. Information visualization systems that integrate different types of technologies to address problems in different domains are then surveyed; and we move an to a survey and critique of visualization system evaluation studies. The chapter concludes with a summary and identification of future research directions.

Theme

Literaturübersicht
Visualisierung

Similar documents (author)

1. Chen, Y.N.; Chen, S.J.: ¬A metadata practice of the OFLA FRBR model : a case study for the National Palace Museum in Taipai (2004) 4.39

   4.388616 = sum of:
     4.388616 = weight(author_txt:chen in 4385) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.388616 = fieldWeight in 4385, product of:
         1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
           2.0 = termFreq=2.0
         6.2064404 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=41962)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=4385)
   

2. Chen, C.C.; Chen, H.H.; Chen, K.H.: ¬The design of the XML/Metadata management system (2000) 4.03

   4.0312014 = sum of:
     4.0312014 = weight(author_txt:chen in 6047) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.0312014 = fieldWeight in 6047, product of:
         1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
           3.0 = termFreq=3.0
         6.2064404 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=41962)
         0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=6047)
   

3. Chen, W.Y.: Observations on cataloguing and classification (1991) 3.88

   3.8790252 = sum of:
     3.8790252 = weight(author_txt:chen in 4184) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       3.8790252 = fieldWeight in 4184, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         6.2064404 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=41962)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4184)
   

4. Chen, H.: Knowledge-based document retrieval : framework and design (1992) 3.88

   3.8790252 = sum of:
     3.8790252 = weight(author_txt:chen in 5283) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       3.8790252 = fieldWeight in 5283, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         6.2064404 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=41962)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5283)
   

5. Chen, P.S.: On inference rules of logic-based information retrieval systems (1994) 3.88

   3.8790252 = sum of:
     3.8790252 = weight(author_txt:chen in 6731) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       3.8790252 = fieldWeight in 6731, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         6.2064404 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=41962)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6731)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Information visualization : human-centered issues and perspectives (2008) 0.41

   0.4132604 = sum of:
     0.4132604 = product of:
       1.47593 = sum of:
         0.018377999 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018377999 = score(doc=286,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05709727 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0132138 = boost
               4.1199584 = idf(docFreq=1852, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.32187176 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1199584 = idf(docFreq=1852, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         0.023019485 = weight(abstract_txt:value in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023019485 = score(doc=286,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.066345826 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.092195 = boost
               4.4411144 = idf(docFreq=1343, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.34696206 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4411144 = idf(docFreq=1343, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         0.032514744 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.032514744 = score(doc=286,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.0919284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4845253 = boost
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.3536964 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         0.056431826 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.056431826 = score(doc=286,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15197633 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.337741 = boost
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.37131983 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         0.13374919 = weight(abstract_txt:visual in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13374919 = score(doc=286,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.21442592 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7768154 = boost
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.62375474 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         0.07194923 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07194923 = score(doc=286,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.1334669 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9997659 = boost
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.5390792 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
         1.1398876 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 286) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1398876 = score(doc=286,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.8276347 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.707981 = boost
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             1.3772835 = fieldWeight in 286, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=286)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Lin, X.; Bui, Y.: Information visualization (2009) 0.34

   0.33984423 = sum of:
     0.33984423 = product of:
       0.9440117 = sum of:
         0.025286147 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025286147 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.062548585 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0604792 = boost
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.4042641 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.040128376 = weight(abstract_txt:history in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040128376 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08510011 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2369679 = boost
               5.029794 = idf(docFreq=745, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.4715432 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.029794 = idf(docFreq=745, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.047874786 = weight(abstract_txt:patterns in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.047874786 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09572682 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3119286 = boost
               5.3346014 = idf(docFreq=549, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.50011885 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3346014 = idf(docFreq=549, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.037782487 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037782487 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08997786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4686916 = boost
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.4199087 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.039017696 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039017696 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.0919284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4845253 = boost
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.4244357 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.09576798 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09576798 = score(doc=819,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15197633 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.337741 = boost
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.6301506 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.11348993 = weight(abstract_txt:visual in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11348993 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21442592 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7768154 = boost
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.5292734 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.061050944 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.061050944 = score(doc=819,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.1334669 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9997659 = boost
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.45742387 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
         0.48361334 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 819) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48361334 = score(doc=819,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.8276347 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.707981 = boost
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.58433187 = fieldWeight in 819, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=819)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

3. Chen, C.; Paul, R.J.; O'Keefe, B.: Fitting the Jigsaw of citation : information visualization in domain analysis (2001) 0.28

   0.2810251 = sum of:
     0.2810251 = product of:
       1.170938 = sum of:
         0.03649741 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03649741 = score(doc=262,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.062548585 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0604792 = boost
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.583505 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
         0.038883958 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.038883958 = score(doc=262,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07468846 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1588311 = boost
               4.712072 = idf(docFreq=1024, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.52061534 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.712072 = idf(docFreq=1024, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
         0.039895657 = weight(abstract_txt:patterns in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039895657 = score(doc=262,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09572682 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3119286 = boost
               5.3346014 = idf(docFreq=549, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.41676575 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3346014 = idf(docFreq=549, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
         0.032514744 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.032514744 = score(doc=262,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.0919284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4845253 = boost
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.3536964 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
         0.035974614 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035974614 = score(doc=262,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1334669 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9997659 = boost
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.2695396 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
         0.9871716 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 262) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9871716 = score(doc=262,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.8276347 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.707981 = boost
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             1.1927625 = fieldWeight in 262, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=262)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Visual interfaces to digital libraries : [extended papers presented at the first and second International Workshops on Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries, held at the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL) in 2001 and 2002] (2002) 0.28

   0.27765355 = sum of:
     0.27765355 = product of:
       0.99161977 = sum of:
         0.025990414 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025990414 = score(doc=3785,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.05709727 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0132138 = boost
               4.1199584 = idf(docFreq=1852, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.45519537 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1199584 = idf(docFreq=1852, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.03148541 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03148541 = score(doc=3785,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08997786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4686916 = boost
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.34992394 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.08264379 = weight(abstract_txt:mental in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08264379 = score(doc=3785,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15555717 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6723932 = boost
               6.8003325 = idf(docFreq=126, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.531276 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8003325 = idf(docFreq=126, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.056431826 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.056431826 = score(doc=3785,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15197633 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.337741 = boost
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.37131983 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.1891499 = weight(abstract_txt:visual in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1891499 = score(doc=3785,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.21442592 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7768154 = boost
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.8821224 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.035974614 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035974614 = score(doc=3785,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1334669 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9997659 = boost
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.2695396 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
         0.5699438 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 3785) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5699438 = score(doc=3785,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.8276347 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.707981 = boost
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.6886417 = fieldWeight in 3785, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3785)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

5. Catarci, T.; Spaccapietra, S.: Visual information querying (2002) 0.27

   0.2733323 = sum of:
     0.2733323 = product of:
       0.8541634 = sum of:
         0.022300286 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022300286 = score(doc=269,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.062548585 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0604792 = boost
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.35652742 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.3121505 = idf(docFreq=1528, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.02181373 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02181373 = score(doc=269,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08997786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4686916 = boost
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.24243441 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.4790263 = idf(docFreq=1293, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.022526877 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022526877 = score(doc=269,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.0919284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4845253 = boost
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.24504806 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.527314 = idf(docFreq=1232, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.020448638 = weight(abstract_txt:without in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020448638 = score(doc=269,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12429845 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.726218 = boost
               5.264397 = idf(docFreq=589, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.16451241 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.264397 = idf(docFreq=589, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.045145463 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045145463 = score(doc=269,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15197633 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.337741 = boost
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.29705587 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.752894 = idf(docFreq=983, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.13639794 = weight(abstract_txt:visual in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13639794 = score(doc=269,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.21442592 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7768154 = boost
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.6361075 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               5.645583 = idf(docFreq=402, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.05087579 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05087579 = score(doc=269,freq=25.0), product of:
             0.1334669 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9997659 = boost
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.38118657 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               5.0 = tf(freq=25.0), with freq of:
                 25.0 = termFreq=25.0
               2.439594 = idf(docFreq=9945, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
         0.5346547 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 269) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5346547 = score(doc=269,freq=11.0), product of:
             0.8276347 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.707981 = boost
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.013677964 = queryNorm
             0.64600325 = fieldWeight in 269, product of:
               3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                 11.0 = termFreq=11.0
               6.2328734 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=41962)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=269)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)