Document (#34998)

Author

Pauen, M.
Springer, M.

Title

Ein Philosoph, der über das Gehirn nachdenkt

Issue

[Interview]

Source

Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2009, H.1, S.54-60

Year

2009

Series

Mensch und Geist

Abstract

Lässt die moderne Hirnforschung von Begriffen wie Bewusstsein, Ich, Autonomie und Handlungsfreiheit am Ende nichts mehr übrig? Michael Pauen warnt vor einem "naturalistischen Missverständnis".

Content

"Kürzlich hielt sich ein unkonventionelles Sachbuch über Philosophie viele Monate lang auf den Bestsellerlisten. Unter dem Titel »Wer bin ich - und wenn ja, wie viele?« versuchte Richard David Precht die altehrwürdigen Fragen nach dem Wesen von Mensch, Welt und Moral in modernem Licht zu behandeln (siehe meine Rezension in Spektrum der Wissenschaft 8/2008, S.100). Eingangs fragte der Autor: »Wie passen die philosophischen, die psychologischen und die neurobiologischen Erkenntnisse über das Bewusstsein zusammen? Stehen sie sich im Weg, oder ergänzen sie sich? Gibt es ein >Ich<? Was sind Gefühle? Was ist das Gedächtnis? Die spannendsten Fragen standen gar nicht auf dem philosophischen Lehrplan, und daran hat sich, soweit ich sehe, bis heute viel zu wenig geändert.« Doch die Zeiten ändern sich, denn genau diese spannenden Fragen hat sich der Philosoph Michael Pauen vorgenommen. In zahlreichen Publikationen und als Sprecher der Berlin School of Mind and Brain an der Berliner Humboldt-Universität untersucht er, wie die Befunde der Neurowissenschaften sich mit unserem traditionellen Menschenbild vertragen. Bedeuten die viel diskutierten Experimente des amerikanischen Hirnforschers Benjamin Libet tatsächlich, dass unser Wille nicht frei ist? Besteht eine unüberbrückbare »Erklärungslücke« zwischen der physiologischen Beschreibung einer Farbwahrnehmung und dem subjektiven Farberlebnis? Bilden wir uns nur ein, als autonomes Ich Entscheidungen zwischen Richtig und Falsch, Gut und Böse treffen zu können? Kurz, erscheinen wir im Spiegel der modernen Hirnforschung bloß als seelenlose Automaten, als pure Reizreaktionsmaschinen, als Zombies? Anhand historischer Beispiele zeigt Michael Pauen, dass wissenschaftliche Einsichten zunächst immer wieder als Bedrohung des spezifisch Menschlichen empfunden wurden. Erst mit wachsender Erkenntnis gewöhnen wir uns allmählich daran, neue Erklärungen für uns selbst zu akzeptieren. Das wird nach Pauens Überzeugung auch mit der modernen Hirnforschung nicht anders sein - sofern es gelingt, das »naturalistische Missverständnis« aufzulösen, das sie derzeit noch umgibt. Was das ist, versuchen wir in angeregtem Gespräch zu klären."

Footnote

Vgl auch das Buch: Pauen, M., G. Roth: Freiheit, Schuld und Verantwortung: Grundzüge einer naturalistischen Theorie der Willensfreiheit. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 2008. 190 S.

Field

Kognitionswissenschaft

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