Document (#38753)

Author

Kiss, T.

Title

Anmerkungen zur scheinbaren Konkurrenz von numerischen und symbolischen Verfahren in der Computerlinguistik

Source

Computerlinguistik -- Was geht, was kommt? = Computational linguistics : achievements and perspectives; Festschrift für Winfried Lenders. Hrsg.: G. Willée, B. Schröder & H.-C. Schmitz

Imprint

St. Augustin : Gardez Verlag

Year

2002

Pages

S.163-17

Abstract

Veränderungen in der Mode vollziehen sich schrittweise, allmählich, oftmals unmerklich. Manchmal kommt es dann doch zu einem plötzlichen Bruch, zu einer eindeutig bestimmten Opposition zwischen dem modischen Jetzt und seinem Vorgänger. Deutlich erkennbar etwa, als um die Wende von den 70er zu den 80er Jahren die weite Karotte die enge Schlaghose verdrängte und im Gefolge dieses Wechsels taillierte Sakkos und Hemden big suits und Polohemden weichen mussten. Etwas Ähnliches hat sich vor einigen Jahren in der Computerlinguistik ereignet: Wurde diese seit Beginn der 80er Jahre durch deduktive, regelbasierte Verfahren beherrscht, so gab es seit Beginn der 90er Jahre zunächst eine Hinwendung, schließlich Mitte der 90er Jahre eine Flucht zu induktiven, numerisch basierten Verfahren, die mittlerweile die Computerlinguistik nahezu vollständig zu beherrschen scheinen.
Man kann wohl abschließend festhalten, dass von einer Überlegenheit statistischer Verfahren zumindest im Bereich des Tagging eigentlich nicht gesprochen werden sollte. Darüber hinaus muss die Opposition zwischen regelbasierten und numerischen Verfahren hier aufgeweicht werden, denn auch die statistischen Verfahren verwenden Regelsysteme. Selbst beim Lernen ohne Referenzkorpus ist ja zumindest eine Zuordnung der Wörter zu einem Lexikon bzw. auch eine heuristische Erkennung unbekannter Wörter nach Regeln notwendig. Statistische Verfahren haben - und dies wurde hier wahrscheinlich nicht ausreichend betont - durchaus ihre Berechtigung, sie sind nützlich; sie gestatten, insbesondere im Vergleich zur Introspektion, eine unmittelbarere und breitere Heranführung an das Phänomen Sprache. Die vorhandenen umfangreichen elektronischen Korpora verlangen nahezu danach, Sprache auch mit statistischen Mitteln zu untersuchen. Allerdings können die statistischen Verfahren die regelbasierten Verfahren nicht ersetzen. Somit muss dem Diktum vom "Es geht nicht anders" deutlich widersprochen werden. Dass die statistischen Verfahren zur Zeit so en vogue sind und die regelbasierten Verfahren aussehen lassen wie eine alte Dallas-Folge, mag wohl auch daran liegen, dass zu viele Vertreter des alten Paradigmas nicht die Energie aufbringen, sich dem neuen Paradigma so weit zu öffnen, dass eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem neuen auf der Basis des alten möglich wird. Die Mathematik ist eine geachtete, weil schwierige Wissenschaft, die statistische Sprachverarbeitung ist eine gefürchtete, weil in ihren Eigenschaften oftmals nicht gründlich genug betrachtete Disziplin.

Content

Vgl.: http://www.linguistics.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/~kiss/publications/fs_lenders.pdf.

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Field

Sprachwissenschaft

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