Document (#38872)

Author

Kiros, R.
Salakhutdinov, R.
Zemel, R.S.

Title

Unifying visual-semantic embeddings with multimodal neural language models

Source

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.2539v1.pdf

Year

2014

Abstract

Inspired by recent advances in multimodal learning and machine translation, we introduce an encoder-decoder pipeline that learns (a): a multimodal joint embedding space with images and text and (b): a novel language model for decoding distributed representations from our space. Our pipeline effectively unifies joint image-text embedding models with multimodal neural language models. We introduce the structure-content neural language model that disentangles the structure of a sentence to its content, conditioned on representations produced by the encoder. The encoder allows one to rank images and sentences while the decoder can generate novel descriptions from scratch. Using LSTM to encode sentences, we match the state-of-the-art performance on Flickr8K and Flickr30K without using object detections. We also set new best results when using the 19-layer Oxford convolutional network. Furthermore we show that with linear encoders, the learned embedding space captures multimodal regularities in terms of vector space arithmetic e.g. *image of a blue car* - "blue" + "red" is near images of red cars. Sample captions generated for 800 images are made available for comparison.

Content

Vgl. auch: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8621658.

Theme

Automatisches Indexieren

Form

Bilder

Similar documents (content)

1. Karpathy, A.; Fei-Fei, L.: Deep visual-semantic alignments for generating image descriptions (2015) 0.45

   0.44969517 = sum of:
     0.44969517 = product of:
       1.1242379 = sum of:
         0.08698033 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08698033 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12191806 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.71343267 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.0071363025 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0071363025 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.036541767 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.094941 = boost
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.19529167 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.061417736 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.061417736 = score(doc=1868,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08445386 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1770387 = boost
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.72723424 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.054614045 = weight(abstract_txt:novel in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.054614045 = score(doc=1868,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08939713 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2109962 = boost
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.61091495 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.11063751 = weight(abstract_txt:sentences in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11063751 = score(doc=1868,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14312723 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.532294 = boost
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.7730011 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.03341731 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03341731 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10227945 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.831851 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.32672557 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.1971967 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1971967 = score(doc=1868,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.2104039 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2753778 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.93722934 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.07305695 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07305695 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17228536 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.377498 = boost
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.4240462 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.16554694 = weight(abstract_txt:embedding in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16554694 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27004856 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.57779 = boost
               7.84674 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.61302656 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.84674 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.33423406 = weight(abstract_txt:multimodal in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.33423406 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5114594 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.579906 = boost
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.6534909 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

2. Mao, J.; Xu, W.; Yang, Y.; Wang, J.; Yuille, A.L.: Explain images with multimodal recurrent neural networks (2014) 0.39

   0.39168414 = sum of:
     0.39168414 = product of:
       1.0880115 = sum of:
         0.08698033 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08698033 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12191806 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.71343267 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.0071363025 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0071363025 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.036541767 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.094941 = boost
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.19529167 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.050147377 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.050147377 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08445386 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1770387 = boost
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.59378433 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.03861796 = weight(abstract_txt:novel in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03861796 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08939713 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2109962 = boost
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.4319821 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.034264892 = weight(abstract_txt:models in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034264892 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09449177 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5248376 = boost
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.362623 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.11063751 = weight(abstract_txt:sentences in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11063751 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14312723 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.532294 = boost
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.7730011 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.16101043 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16101043 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2104039 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2753778 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.7652445 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.12653835 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12653835 = score(doc=1557,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.17228536 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.377498 = boost
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.73446953 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.4726783 = weight(abstract_txt:multimodal in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.4726783 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5114594 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.579906 = boost
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.9241756 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

3. Vaswani, A.; Shazeer, N.; Parmar, N.; Uszkoreit, J.; Jones, L.; Gomez, A.N.; Kaiser, L.; Polosukhin, I.: Attention Is all you need (2017) 0.18

   0.18364514 = sum of:
     0.18364514 = product of:
       0.7651881 = sum of:
         0.06958426 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06958426 = score(doc=970,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12191806 = queryWeight, product of:
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.5707461 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
         0.008073805 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008073805 = score(doc=970,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.036541767 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.094941 = boost
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.22094731 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4997334 = idf(docFreq=9868, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
         0.054823823 = weight(abstract_txt:models in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.054823823 = score(doc=970,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.09449177 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5248376 = boost
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.5801968 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
         0.22990392 = weight(abstract_txt:decoder in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22990392 = score(doc=970,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2704529 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1063318 = boost
               9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.8500701 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
         0.091081254 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.091081254 = score(doc=970,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2104039 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2753778 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.43288767 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
         0.311721 = weight(abstract_txt:encoder in 970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.311721 = score(doc=970,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.37925836 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0548801 = boost
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.82192254 = fieldWeight in 970, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=970)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Névéol, A.; Deserno, T.M.; Darmoni, S.J.; Güld, M.O.; Aronson, A.R.: Natural language processing versus content-based image analysis for medical document retrieval (2009) 0.17

   0.17336817 = sum of:
     0.17336817 = product of:
       0.7223674 = sum of:
         0.011385326 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011385326 = score(doc=2702,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.052601498 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1376945 = boost
               3.4631186 = idf(docFreq=3765, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.21644491 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4631186 = idf(docFreq=3765, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
         0.08510292 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08510292 = score(doc=2702,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.08445386 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1770387 = boost
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             1.0076854 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
         0.053362474 = weight(abstract_txt:joint in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.053362474 = score(doc=2702,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1286949 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4529867 = boost
               6.634292 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.41464326 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.634292 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
         0.02673385 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02673385 = score(doc=2702,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10227945 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.831851 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.26138046 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
         0.082654506 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.082654506 = score(doc=2702,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17228536 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.377498 = boost
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.4797535 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
         0.4631283 = weight(abstract_txt:multimodal in 2702) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.4631283 = score(doc=2702,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.5114594 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.579906 = boost
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.9055035 = fieldWeight in 2702, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2702)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

5. Li, W.; Zheng, Y.; Zhan, Y.; Feng, R.; Zhang, T.; Fan, W.: Cross-modal retrieval with dual multi-angle self-attention (2021) 0.14

   0.14338042 = sum of:
     0.14338042 = product of:
       0.5974184 = sum of:
         0.030894369 = weight(abstract_txt:novel in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030894369 = score(doc=67,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08939713 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2109962 = boost
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.34558567 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.529371 = idf(docFreq=476, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
         0.02673385 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02673385 = score(doc=67,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10227945 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.831851 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.26138046 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
         0.05731096 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05731096 = score(doc=67,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17004837 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3620126 = boost
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.3370274 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
         0.082654506 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.082654506 = score(doc=67,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17228536 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.377498 = boost
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.4797535 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
         0.13243754 = weight(abstract_txt:embedding in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13243754 = score(doc=67,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27004856 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.57779 = boost
               7.84674 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.49042124 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.84674 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
         0.26738724 = weight(abstract_txt:multimodal in 67) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26738724 = score(doc=67,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5114594 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.579906 = boost
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013350733 = queryNorm
             0.5227927 = fieldWeight in 67, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.364683 = idf(docFreq=27, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=67)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)