Document (#40806)

Author
Gingras, Y.
Title
Bibliometrics and research evaluation : uses and abuses
Imprint
Cambridge, MA : MIT Press
Year
2016
Pages
xii, 119 S
Isbn
978-0-262-03512-5
Series
History and foundations of information science
Abstract
The research evaluation market is booming. "Ranking," "metrics," "h-index," and "impact factors" are reigning buzzwords. Government and research administrators want to evaluate everything -- teachers, professors, training programs, universities -- using quantitative indicators. Among the tools used to measure "research excellence," bibliometrics -- aggregate data on publications and citations -- has become dominant. Bibliometrics is hailed as an "objective" measure of research quality, a quantitative measure more useful than "subjective" and intuitive evaluation methods such as peer review that have been used since scientific papers were first published in the seventeenth century. In this book, Yves Gingras offers a spirited argument against an unquestioning reliance on bibliometrics as an indicator of research quality. Gingras shows that bibliometric rankings have no real scientific validity, rarely measuring what they pretend to. Although the study of publication and citation patterns, at the proper scales, can yield insights on the global dynamics of science over time, ill-defined quantitative indicators often generate perverse and unintended effects on the direction of research. Moreover, abuse of bibliometrics occurs when data is manipulated to boost rankings. Gingras looks at the politics of evaluation and argues that using numbers can be a way to control scientists and diminish their autonomy in the evaluation process. Proposing precise criteria for establishing the validity of indicators at a given scale of analysis, Gingras questions why universities are so eager to let invalid indicators influence their research strategy.
Content
The origins of bibliometrics -- What bibliometrics teach us about the dynamics of scienceThe proliferation of research evaluation -- The evaluation of research evaluation -- Conclusion: the universities' new clothes?
Footnote
Rez. in: JASIST 68(2017) no.9, S.2290-2292 (Judit Bar-Ilan). Originaltitel: Dérives de l'évaluation de la recherche.
Theme
Informetrie
LCSH
Bibliometrics
Research / Evaluation
Education, Higher / Research / Evaluation
Universities and colleges / Research / Evaluation
RSWK
Bibliometrie / Missbrauch / Forschung / Erfolgskontrolle
BK
02.13 (Wissenschaftspraxis) Subject | Subject |
81.80 (Hochschulen / Fachhochschulen)
83.31 (Wirtschaftswachstum)
DDC
020.727 / dc23
LCC
Q180.55.E9
RVK
AK 28100
AN 96300
AN 96800
QB 100

Similar documents (author)

  1. Larivière, V.; Gingras, Y.: On the relationship between interdisciplinarity and scientific impact (2009) 4.49 
    4.4944186 = sum of:
  4.4944186 = weight(author_txt:gingras in 3316) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    4.4944186 = fieldWeight in 3316, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
      0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=3316)
  2. Larivière, V.; Gingras, Y.: ¬The impact factor's Matthew Effect : a natural experiment in bibliometrics (2010) 4.49 
    4.4944186 = sum of:
  4.4944186 = weight(author_txt:gingras in 3338) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    4.4944186 = fieldWeight in 3338, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
      0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=3338)
  3. Larivière, V.; Gingras, Y.: On the prevalence and scientific impact of duplicate publications in different scientific fields (1980-2007) (2010) 4.49 
    4.4944186 = sum of:
  4.4944186 = weight(author_txt:gingras in 3622) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    4.4944186 = fieldWeight in 3622, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
      0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=3622)
  4. Larivière, V.; Archambault, E.; Gingras, Y.: Long-term variations in the aging of scientific literature : from exponential growth to steady-state science (1900-2004) (2008) 3.37 
    3.3708138 = sum of:
  3.3708138 = weight(author_txt:gingras in 1357) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    3.3708138 = fieldWeight in 1357, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
      0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=1357)
  5. Wallace, M.L.; Gingras, Y.; Duhon, R.: ¬A new approach for detecting scientific specialties from raw cocitation networks (2009) 3.37 
    3.3708138 = sum of:
  3.3708138 = weight(author_txt:gingras in 2709) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    3.3708138 = fieldWeight in 2709, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
      0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2709)

Similar documents (content)

  1. Abramo, G.; D'Angelo, C.A.: ¬The VQR, Italy's second national research assessment : methodological failures and ranking distortions (2015) 0.30 
    0.29589614 = sum of:
  0.29589614 = product of:
    0.92467546 = sum of:
      0.028465793 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028465793 = score(doc=2256,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.07849969 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1518552 = boost
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.362623 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.028673835 = weight(abstract_txt:quality in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028673835 = score(doc=2256,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.0788817 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1546545 = boost
            4.6528544 = idf(docFreq=1145, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.36350426 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6528544 = idf(docFreq=1145, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.18578598 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.18578598 = score(doc=2256,freq=4.0), product of:
          0.17270611 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.708511 = boost
            6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          1.0757349 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
              4.0 = termFreq=4.0
            6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.06863884 = weight(abstract_txt:measure in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06863884 = score(doc=2256,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.16158317 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.0239866 = boost
            5.437306 = idf(docFreq=522, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.42478952 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.437306 = idf(docFreq=522, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.098840795 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.098840795 = score(doc=2256,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.2060505 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.28558 = boost
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.4796921 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.07055401 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.07055401 = score(doc=2256,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.20142396 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.327139 = boost
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.35027617 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.14537849 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.14537849 = score(doc=2256,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.29331157 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.4530597 = boost
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.49564525 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
      0.2983377 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliometrics in 2256) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.2983377 = score(doc=2256,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.54220676 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.243328 = boost
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.55022866 = fieldWeight in 2256, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2256)
    0.32 = coord(8/25)
  2. Moed, H.F.; Luwel, M.; Nederhof, A.J.: Towards research performance in the humanities (2002) 0.19 
    0.18989514 = sum of:
  0.18989514 = product of:
    0.6781969 = sum of:
      0.019926054 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.019926054 = score(doc=820,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.07849969 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1518552 = boost
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.2538361 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.020071683 = weight(abstract_txt:quality in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.020071683 = score(doc=820,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.0788817 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1546545 = boost
            4.6528544 = idf(docFreq=1145, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.25445297 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6528544 = idf(docFreq=1145, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.08979524 = weight(abstract_txt:quantitative in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.08979524 = score(doc=820,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.19458514 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.221081 = boost
            5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.46147016 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.06918856 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06918856 = score(doc=820,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.2060505 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.28558 = boost
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.33578447 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.12338867 = weight(abstract_txt:indicators in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.12338867 = score(doc=820,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.26471016 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9913294 = boost
            6.027006 = idf(docFreq=289, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.46612746 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            6.027006 = idf(docFreq=289, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.06048746 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06048746 = score(doc=820,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.20142396 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.327139 = boost
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.30029923 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
      0.29533923 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliometrics in 820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.29533923 = score(doc=820,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.54220676 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.243328 = boost
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.54469854 = fieldWeight in 820, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=820)
    0.28 = coord(7/25)
  3. Pair, C.I.: Formal evaluation methods : their utility and limitations (1995) 0.16 
    0.16017057 = sum of:
  0.16017057 = product of:
    0.80085284 = sum of:
      0.03415895 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 4259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.03415895 = score(doc=4259,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.07849969 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1518552 = boost
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.43514758 = fieldWeight in 4259, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4259)
      0.14956966 = weight(abstract_txt:indicators in 4259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.14956966 = score(doc=4259,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.26471016 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9913294 = boost
            6.027006 = idf(docFreq=289, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.5650318 = fieldWeight in 4259, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.027006 = idf(docFreq=289, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4259)
      0.084664814 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 4259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.084664814 = score(doc=4259,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.20142396 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.327139 = boost
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.4203314 = fieldWeight in 4259, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4259)
      0.17445418 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 4259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.17445418 = score(doc=4259,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.29331157 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.4530597 = boost
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.5947743 = fieldWeight in 4259, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4259)
      0.35800523 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliometrics in 4259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.35800523 = score(doc=4259,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.54220676 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.243328 = boost
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.6602744 = fieldWeight in 4259, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4259)
    0.2 = coord(5/25)
  4. Bar-Ilan, J.: Informetrics (2009) 0.15 
    0.14727072 = sum of:
  0.14727072 = product of:
    0.7363536 = sum of:
      0.028465793 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 3822) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028465793 = score(doc=3822,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.07849969 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1518552 = boost
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.362623 = fieldWeight in 3822, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3822)
      0.09070689 = weight(abstract_txt:quantitative in 3822) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.09070689 = score(doc=3822,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.19458514 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.221081 = boost
            5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.46615526 = fieldWeight in 3822, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3822)
      0.049889218 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 3822) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.049889218 = score(doc=3822,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.20142396 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.327139 = boost
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.24768265 = fieldWeight in 3822, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3822)
      0.14537849 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 3822) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.14537849 = score(doc=3822,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.29331157 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.4530597 = boost
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.49564525 = fieldWeight in 3822, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3822)
      0.4219132 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliometrics in 3822) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.4219132 = score(doc=3822,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.54220676 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.243328 = boost
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.7781408 = fieldWeight in 3822, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3822)
    0.2 = coord(5/25)
  5. Barnes, C.S.: ¬The construct validity of the h-index (2016) 0.15 
    0.14554746 = sum of:
  0.14554746 = product of:
    0.60644776 = sum of:
      0.13912734 = weight(abstract_txt:validity in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.13912734 = score(doc=3165,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.16770218 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.6835783 = boost
            6.784232 = idf(docFreq=135, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.82960963 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            6.784232 = idf(docFreq=135, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
      0.06794898 = weight(abstract_txt:measure in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06794898 = score(doc=3165,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.16158317 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.0239866 = boost
            5.437306 = idf(docFreq=522, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.4205202 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.437306 = idf(docFreq=522, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
      0.06918856 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06918856 = score(doc=3165,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.2060505 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.28558 = boost
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.33578447 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
      0.049387805 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.049387805 = score(doc=3165,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.20142396 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.327139 = boost
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.2451933 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
      0.071958676 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.071958676 = score(doc=3165,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.29331157 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.4530597 = boost
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.24533188 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
      0.20883639 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliometrics in 3165) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.20883639 = score(doc=3165,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.54220676 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.243328 = boost
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.01468266 = queryNorm
          0.38516006 = fieldWeight in 3165, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.042927 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3165)
    0.24 = coord(6/25)