Document (#16038)

Author
Johnson, F.C.
Title
¬A natural language understanding system for reference resolution in information dialogues
Source
Information retrieval: new systems and current research. Proceedings of the 16th Research Colloquium of the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group, Drymen, Scotland, 22-23 Mar 94. Ed.: R. Leon
Imprint
London : Taylor Graham
Year
1996
Pages
S.81-99
Abstract
Demonstrates how a natural language understanding (NLU) system can be developed to utilize low level pragmatic information, primarily the linguistic context, to deal effectively with the linguistic devices of anaphors and ellipsis and allow users to query databases for reference information without the need for menus or fixed phrases and query structures. Describes the components which comprise a NLU system to deal with continuous dialogue. Given that the syntactic and semantic information can produce a suitable information of each utterance, pragmatic information may be used to determine how this contectual information determines the interpretation of subsequent utterances. Suggests that the approach taken allows the system to provide a cooperative response to assist the user in attaining the information seeking goal

Similar documents (author)

  1. Johnson, S.W.: Do-it-yourself CD-ROMs (1992) 4.57
    4.5717874 = sum of:
      4.5717874 = weight(author_txt:johnson in 4285) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.5717874 = score(doc=4285,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.99999994 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.13670799 = queryNorm
          4.571788 = fieldWeight in 4285, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4285)
    
  2. Johnson, S.: Virtual documents : the past, the present and some standards for the future (1993) 4.57
    4.5717874 = sum of:
      4.5717874 = weight(author_txt:johnson in 4421) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.5717874 = score(doc=4421,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.99999994 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.13670799 = queryNorm
          4.571788 = fieldWeight in 4421, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4421)
    
  3. Johnson, R.D.: Public libraries and the Internet / NREN : new challenges, new opportunities (1992) 4.57
    4.5717874 = sum of:
      4.5717874 = weight(author_txt:johnson in 6248) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.5717874 = score(doc=6248,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.99999994 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.13670799 = queryNorm
          4.571788 = fieldWeight in 6248, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6248)
    
  4. Johnson, F.C.: ¬A classification of ellipsis based on a corpus of information seeking dialogues (1994) 4.57
    4.5717874 = sum of:
      4.5717874 = weight(author_txt:johnson in 7803) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.5717874 = score(doc=7803,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.99999994 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.13670799 = queryNorm
          4.571788 = fieldWeight in 7803, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7803)
    
  5. Johnson, A.: Information brokers (1991) 4.57
    4.5717874 = sum of:
      4.5717874 = weight(author_txt:johnson in 1294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.5717874 = score(doc=1294,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.99999994 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.13670799 = queryNorm
          4.571788 = fieldWeight in 1294, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.314861 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44218)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1294)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Brier, S.: Cybersemiotics : a new interdisciplinary development applied to the problems of knowledge organisation and document retrieval in information science (1996) 0.16
    0.16244707 = sum of:
      0.16244707 = product of:
        0.5076471 = sum of:
          0.06823617 = weight(abstract_txt:determines in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06823617 = score(doc=5379,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1910537 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1506613 = boost
                7.61935 = idf(docFreq=58, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.35715702 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.61935 = idf(docFreq=58, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.031914294 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.031914294 = score(doc=5379,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.11511604 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2631435 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.27723587 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.02879532 = weight(abstract_txt:understanding in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02879532 = score(doc=5379,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13542649 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3700505 = boost
                4.5360413 = idf(docFreq=1287, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.21262693 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.5360413 = idf(docFreq=1287, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.06097154 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistic in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06097154 = score(doc=5379,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22330947 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7592937 = boost
                5.8247695 = idf(docFreq=354, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.27303606 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.8247695 = idf(docFreq=354, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.065434165 = weight(abstract_txt:deal in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.065434165 = score(doc=5379,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.234077 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8012092 = boost
                5.963546 = idf(docFreq=308, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.2795412 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.963546 = idf(docFreq=308, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.023664797 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.023664797 = score(doc=5379,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14970428 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0371213 = boost
                3.3723085 = idf(docFreq=4123, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.15807696 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.3723085 = idf(docFreq=4123, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.18230155 = weight(abstract_txt:pragmatic in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.18230155 = score(doc=5379,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.32134792 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1104376 = boost
                6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.5673027 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
          0.04632927 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 5379) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.04632927 = score(doc=5379,freq=7.0), product of:
              0.154305 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.9248579 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.30024478 = fieldWeight in 5379, product of:
                2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                  7.0 = termFreq=7.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5379)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  2. Wu, M.-M.; Liu, Y.-H.: Intermediary's information seeking, inquiring minds, and elicitation styles (2003) 0.15
    0.14846633 = sum of:
      0.14846633 = product of:
        0.6186097 = sum of:
          0.13790762 = weight(abstract_txt:dialogues in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13790762 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.25210342 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.32178 = boost
                8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.547028 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
          0.14938611 = weight(abstract_txt:utterances in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.14938611 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2659051 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.357479 = boost
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.5618023 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
          0.16538925 = weight(abstract_txt:utterance in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.16538925 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2845715 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4043181 = boost
                9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.581187 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
          0.044191904 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.044191904 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14873905 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.435811 = boost
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.2971103 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
          0.081295386 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistic in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.081295386 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22330947 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7592937 = boost
                5.8247695 = idf(docFreq=354, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.3640481 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.8247695 = idf(docFreq=354, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
          0.0404395 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0404395 = score(doc=1870,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.154305 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.9248579 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.26207513 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  3. Large, A.: ¬The user interface to CD-ROM databases (1991) 0.14
    0.13797143 = sum of:
      0.13797143 = product of:
        0.6898571 = sum of:
          0.12046467 = weight(abstract_txt:devices in 3840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12046467 = score(doc=3840,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14512414 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0028584 = boost
                6.640641 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.83008015 = fieldWeight in 3840, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.640641 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3840)
          0.17197998 = weight(abstract_txt:dialogue in 3840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.17197998 = score(doc=3840,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18400027 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1292212 = boost
                7.4773793 = idf(docFreq=67, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.9346724 = fieldWeight in 3840, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.4773793 = idf(docFreq=67, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3840)
          0.22940955 = weight(abstract_txt:menus in 3840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.22940955 = score(doc=3840,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22296715 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2430546 = boost
                8.231152 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              1.028894 = fieldWeight in 3840, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.231152 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3840)
          0.060178168 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.060178168 = score(doc=3840,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11511604 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2631435 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.5227609 = fieldWeight in 3840, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3840)
          0.10782477 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 3840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10782477 = score(doc=3840,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16982003 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.5341903 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.63493556 = fieldWeight in 3840, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3840)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  4. Rahmstorf, G.: Information retrieval using conceptual representations of phrases (1994) 0.13
    0.13383092 = sum of:
      0.13383092 = product of:
        0.55762887 = sum of:
          0.17316146 = weight(abstract_txt:phrases in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.17316146 = score(doc=7862,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.15525757 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0372804 = boost
                6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              1.1153173 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
          0.078173734 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.078173734 = score(doc=7862,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11511604 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2631435 = boost
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.6790864 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
          0.06628785 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06628785 = score(doc=7862,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14873905 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.435811 = boost
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.44566542 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
          0.114365436 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.114365436 = score(doc=7862,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.16982003 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.5341903 = boost
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.6734508 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
          0.047329593 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.047329593 = score(doc=7862,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14970428 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0371213 = boost
                3.3723085 = idf(docFreq=4123, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.3161539 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.3723085 = idf(docFreq=4123, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
          0.07831076 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 7862) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07831076 = score(doc=7862,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.154305 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.9248579 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.5075063 = fieldWeight in 7862, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7862)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  5. Johnson, F.C.: ¬A classification of ellipsis based on a corpus of information seeking dialogues (1994) 0.13
    0.13105933 = sum of:
      0.13105933 = product of:
        0.8191208 = sum of:
          0.24133834 = weight(abstract_txt:dialogues in 7803) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.24133834 = score(doc=7803,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.25210342 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.32178 = boost
                8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.957299 = fieldWeight in 7803, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7803)
          0.2614257 = weight(abstract_txt:utterances in 7803) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.2614257 = score(doc=7803,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2659051 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.357479 = boost
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.98315406 = fieldWeight in 7803, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7803)
          0.24558763 = weight(abstract_txt:pragmatic in 7803) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.24558763 = score(doc=7803,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.32134792 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1104376 = boost
                6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.7642422 = fieldWeight in 7803, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7803)
          0.070769124 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 7803) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.070769124 = score(doc=7803,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.154305 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.9248579 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.021791646 = queryNorm
              0.45863146 = fieldWeight in 7803, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7803)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)