Document (#1636)

Author

Deschâtelets, G.

Title

¬The three languages theory in information retrieval

Source

International classification. 13(1986), S.126-132

Year

1986

Abstract

To an overwhelming extent, storage and retrieval systems were designed for information intermediaries who were specialists in formal, controlled documentation languages (e.g. classification systems, indexing languages) and who were then trained to utilize the query language of each retrieval system. However, with the advent of the microcomputer, there now exists, in the information retrieval industry, an obvious will to tackle both the professional and the personal information markets, as evidences by their more sophisticated yet more user-friendly systems and by the design and marketing of all sorts of interface software (front-end, gateway, intermediary). In order to make full advantage of these systems, the user must be able to master three different languages: the natural language of the discipline, the indexing language, and the system's query language. The author defines and characterizes each of these languages and identifies their issues and trends in the IR cycle and specifically in public online search services. Finally he proposes a theoretical model for the analysis of IR languages and suggests a few research avenues

Theme

OPAC

Similar documents (content)

1. Petrelli, D.; Levin, S.; Beaulieu, M.; Sanderson, M.: Which user interaction for cross-language information retrieval? : design issues and reflections (2006) 0.23

   0.22854142 = sum of:
     0.22854142 = product of:
       0.714192 = sum of:
         0.04339198 = weight(abstract_txt:user in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04339198 = score(doc=5053,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08705485 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0251962 = boost
               3.6835442 = idf(docFreq=3020, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.49844417 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.6835442 = idf(docFreq=3020, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.043171242 = weight(abstract_txt:three in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043171242 = score(doc=5053,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12512864 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2291048 = boost
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.34501487 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.05384734 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05384734 = score(doc=5053,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14498949 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3230578 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.37138787 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.020116465 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020116465 = score(doc=5053,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07520756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3475853 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.2674793 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.037167497 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037167497 = score(doc=5053,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12962826 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5321666 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.28672373 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.07287163 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07287163 = score(doc=5053,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.15496571 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9343868 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.47024357 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.14665286 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14665286 = score(doc=5053,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.22442819 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3278995 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.65345114 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
         0.296973 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 5053) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.296973 = score(doc=5053,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5180863 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.331838 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.57321143 = fieldWeight in 5053, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5053)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Devadason, F.J.; Kumbhar, M.R.: Language and indexing language : Nalimor and Gardin revised (1988) 0.22

   0.21650471 = sum of:
     0.21650471 = product of:
       0.90210295 = sum of:
         0.08249457 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08249457 = score(doc=2852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12138284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.210568 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.679623 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
         0.02844898 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02844898 = score(doc=2852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07520756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3475853 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.37827286 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
         0.07963277 = weight(abstract_txt:systems in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07963277 = score(doc=2852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14937511 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8991735 = boost
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.53310597 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
         0.08414491 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08414491 = score(doc=2852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15496571 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9343868 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.5429905 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
         0.20739846 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20739846 = score(doc=2852,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.22442819 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3278995 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.9241195 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
         0.41998327 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 2852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.41998327 = score(doc=2852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5180863 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.331838 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.81064343 = fieldWeight in 2852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=2852)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

3. Broughton, V.: Structural, linguistic and mathematical elements in indexing languages and search engines : implications for the use of index languages in electronic and non-LIS environments (2000) 0.19

   0.19408642 = sum of:
     0.19408642 = product of:
       0.60652006 = sum of:
         0.025052374 = weight(abstract_txt:user in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025052374 = score(doc=96,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08705485 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0251962 = boost
               3.6835442 = idf(docFreq=3020, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.2877769 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6835442 = idf(docFreq=3020, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.071442395 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.071442395 = score(doc=96,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12138284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.210568 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.5885708 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.043171242 = weight(abstract_txt:three in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043171242 = score(doc=96,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12512864 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2291048 = boost
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.34501487 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.05384734 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05384734 = score(doc=96,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14498949 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3230578 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.37138787 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.039816383 = weight(abstract_txt:systems in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039816383 = score(doc=96,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14937511 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8991735 = boost
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.26655298 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.059499435 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059499435 = score(doc=96,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15496571 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9343868 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.38395226 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.10369923 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10369923 = score(doc=96,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.22442819 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3278995 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.46205974 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
         0.20999163 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 96) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20999163 = score(doc=96,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5180863 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.331838 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.40532172 = fieldWeight in 96, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=96)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

4. Fugmann, R.: ¬The complementarity of natural and indexing languages (1985) 0.18

   0.17888056 = sum of:
     0.17888056 = product of:
       0.55900174 = sum of:
         0.05580063 = weight(abstract_txt:obvious in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05580063 = score(doc=3641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16565669 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.33684504 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.034999486 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034999486 = score(doc=3641,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12138284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.210568 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.28833964 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.01206988 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01206988 = score(doc=3641,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07520756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3475853 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.16048759 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.031537663 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031537663 = score(doc=3641,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12962826 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5321666 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.24329314 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.02388983 = weight(abstract_txt:systems in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02388983 = score(doc=3641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14937511 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8991735 = boost
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.1599318 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4118783 = idf(docFreq=3963, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.05048695 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05048695 = score(doc=3641,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15496571 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9343868 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.3257943 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.13198757 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13198757 = score(doc=3641,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.22442819 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3278995 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.58810604 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
         0.21822971 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 3641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21822971 = score(doc=3641,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.5180863 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.331838 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.4212227 = fieldWeight in 3641, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3641)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. Sabourin, C.F. (Bearb.): Computational linguistics in information science : bibliography (1994) 0.18

   0.17629209 = sum of:
     0.17629209 = product of:
       0.8814604 = sum of:
         0.09899349 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 8280) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09899349 = score(doc=8280,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12138284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.210568 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.81554765 = fieldWeight in 8280, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.1875 = fieldNorm(doc=8280)
         0.1292336 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 8280) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1292336 = score(doc=8280,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14498949 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3230578 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.89133084 = fieldWeight in 8280, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.1875 = fieldNorm(doc=8280)
         0.04827952 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 8280) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04827952 = score(doc=8280,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07520756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3475853 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.64195037 = fieldWeight in 8280, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.1875 = fieldNorm(doc=8280)
         0.1009739 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 8280) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1009739 = score(doc=8280,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15496571 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9343868 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.6515886 = fieldWeight in 8280, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.1875 = fieldNorm(doc=8280)
         0.5039799 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 8280) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5039799 = score(doc=8280,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5180863 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.331838 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.023052609 = queryNorm
             0.9727721 = fieldWeight in 8280, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.1875 = fieldNorm(doc=8280)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)