Document (#23582)

Author

White, H.D.

Title

Authors as citers over time

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.2, S.87-108

Year

2001

Abstract

This study explores the tendency of authors to recite themselves and others in multiple works over time, using the insights gained to build citation theory. The set of all authors whom an author cites is defined as that author's citation identity. The study explains how to retrieve citation identities from the Institute for Scientific Information's files on Dialog and how to deal with idiosyncrasies of these files. As the author's oeuvre grows, the identity takes the form of a core-and-scatter distribution that may be divided into authors cited only once (unicitations) and authors cited at least twice (recitations). The latter group, especially those recited most frequently, are interpretable as symbols of a citer's main substantive concerns. As illustrated by the top recitees of eight information scientists, identities are intelligible, individualized, and wide-ranging. They are ego-centered without being egotistical. They are often affected by social ties between citers and citees, but the universal motivator seems to be the perceived relevance of the citees' works. Citing styles in identities differ: "scientific-paper style" authors recite heavily, adding to core; "bibliographic-essay style" authors are heavy on unicitations, adding to scatter; "literature-review style" authors do both at once. Identities distill aspects of citers' intellectual lives, such as orienting figures, interdisciplinary interests, bidisciplinary careers, and conduct in controversies. They can also be related to past schemes for classifying citations in categories such as positive-negative and perfunctory- organic; indeed, one author's frequent recitation of another, whether positive or negative, may be the readiest indicator of an organic relation between them. The shape of the core-and-scatter distribution of names in identities can be explained by the principle of least effort. Citers economize on effort by frequently reciting only a relatively small core of names in their identities. They also economize by frequent use of perfunctory citations, which require relatively little context, and infrequent use of negative citations, which require contexts more laborious to set

Theme

Citation indexing
Informetrie

Similar documents (author)

1. White, H.S.: OCR software : an introduction (1991) 4.56

   4.556355 = sum of:
     4.556355 = weight(author_txt:white in 3760) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.556355 = fieldWeight in 3760, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.290168 = idf(docFreq=81, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3760)
   

2. White, S.: Compton's affiliate's program : a new type of publisher/developer partnership emerges (1993) 4.56

   4.556355 = sum of:
     4.556355 = weight(author_txt:white in 4634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.556355 = fieldWeight in 4634, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.290168 = idf(docFreq=81, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4634)
   

3. White, A.: Electronic copying of a cuttings library : a case of fari dealing? (1993) 4.56

   4.556355 = sum of:
     4.556355 = weight(author_txt:white in 6638) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.556355 = fieldWeight in 6638, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.290168 = idf(docFreq=81, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6638)
   

4. White, F.: EndNote Plus: a bibliography maker for the researcher (1993) 4.56

   4.556355 = sum of:
     4.556355 = weight(author_txt:white in 6949) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.556355 = fieldWeight in 6949, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.290168 = idf(docFreq=81, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6949)
   

5. White, A.: Copyright law, information services and the challenge of multimedia (1993) 4.56

   4.556355 = sum of:
     4.556355 = weight(author_txt:white in 7115) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.556355 = fieldWeight in 7115, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.290168 = idf(docFreq=81, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7115)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Chung, Y.-K.: Bradford distribution and core authors in classification systems literature (1994) 0.19

   0.18949632 = sum of:
     0.18949632 = product of:
       0.789568 = sum of:
         0.06876607 = weight(abstract_txt:cited in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06876607 = score(doc=5066,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.089471646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0129148 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.7685795 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
         0.05409064 = weight(abstract_txt:frequently in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05409064 = score(doc=5066,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.096056625 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0495275 = boost
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.563112 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
         0.026368426 = weight(abstract_txt:they in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026368426 = score(doc=5066,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.074962735 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3111968 = boost
               3.7520406 = idf(docFreq=2820, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.3517538 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.7520406 = idf(docFreq=2820, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
         0.10500363 = weight(abstract_txt:core in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10500363 = score(doc=5066,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14947967 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8515534 = boost
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.70246094 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
         0.3616348 = weight(abstract_txt:scatter in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3616348 = score(doc=5066,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.30972755 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.308159 = boost
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             1.16759 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
         0.17370445 = weight(abstract_txt:authors in 5066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17370445 = score(doc=5066,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.23012623 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2489517 = boost
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.75482243 = fieldWeight in 5066, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5066)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

2. Shah, T.A.; Gul, S.; Gaur, R.C.: Authors self-citation behaviour in the field of Library and Information Science (2015) 0.17

   0.16873397 = sum of:
     0.16873397 = product of:
       0.46870545 = sum of:
         0.03509204 = weight(abstract_txt:cited in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03509204 = score(doc=2597,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.089471646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0129148 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.3922141 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.020612929 = weight(abstract_txt:least in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020612929 = score(doc=2597,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.090506524 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0187559 = boost
               5.830419 = idf(docFreq=352, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.22775075 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.830419 = idf(docFreq=352, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.029193658 = weight(abstract_txt:names in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029193658 = score(doc=2597,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09059463 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0192516 = boost
               5.8332562 = idf(docFreq=351, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.3222449 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.8332562 = idf(docFreq=351, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.030360965 = weight(abstract_txt:positive in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030360965 = score(doc=2597,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.092993766 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0326594 = boost
               5.90999 = idf(docFreq=325, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.32648388 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.90999 = idf(docFreq=325, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.066041715 = weight(abstract_txt:citation in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.066041715 = score(doc=2597,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.095759444 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2834135 = boost
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.6896627 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.09195346 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09195346 = score(doc=2597,freq=15.0), product of:
             0.11384102 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3993464 = boost
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.8077357 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               3.8729835 = tf(freq=15.0), with freq of:
                 15.0 = termFreq=15.0
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.03915332 = weight(abstract_txt:negative in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03915332 = score(doc=2597,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15890208 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6532578 = boost
               6.3078156 = idf(docFreq=218, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.24639904 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3078156 = idf(docFreq=218, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.030936992 = weight(abstract_txt:core in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030936992 = score(doc=2597,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14947967 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8515534 = boost
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.20696454 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
         0.1253604 = weight(abstract_txt:authors in 2597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1253604 = score(doc=2597,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.23012623 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2489517 = boost
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.5447462 = fieldWeight in 2597, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2597)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

3. Gazni, A.; Ghaseminik, Z.: Author practices in citing other authors, institutions, and journals (2016) 0.15

   0.15206552 = sum of:
     0.15206552 = product of:
       0.6336063 = sum of:
         0.032416638 = weight(abstract_txt:cited in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.032416638 = score(doc=3129,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.089471646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0129148 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.36231187 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
         0.036060426 = weight(abstract_txt:frequently in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.036060426 = score(doc=3129,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.096056625 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0495275 = boost
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.375408 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
         0.053722646 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.053722646 = score(doc=3129,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11384102 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3993464 = boost
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.47190937 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
         0.049499188 = weight(abstract_txt:core in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049499188 = score(doc=3129,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14947967 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8515534 = boost
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.33114326 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.298292 = idf(docFreq=600, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
         0.17047629 = weight(abstract_txt:scatter in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17047629 = score(doc=3129,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30972755 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.308159 = boost
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.55040723 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
         0.2914311 = weight(abstract_txt:authors in 3129) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2914311 = score(doc=3129,freq=19.0), product of:
             0.23012623 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2489517 = boost
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             1.2663966 = fieldWeight in 3129, product of:
               4.358899 = tf(freq=19.0), with freq of:
                 19.0 = termFreq=19.0
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3129)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Tang, R.; Safer, M.A.: Author-rated importance of cited references in biology and psychology publications (2008) 0.14

   0.13923843 = sum of:
     0.13923843 = product of:
       0.58016014 = sum of:
         0.05672912 = weight(abstract_txt:cited in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05672912 = score(doc=1738,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.089471646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0129148 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.6340458 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
         0.045158006 = weight(abstract_txt:relatively in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045158006 = score(doc=1738,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.0968236 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0537093 = boost
               6.0304604 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.4663946 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.0304604 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
         0.092458405 = weight(abstract_txt:citation in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.092458405 = score(doc=1738,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.095759444 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2834135 = boost
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.9655278 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
         0.03323919 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03323919 = score(doc=1738,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11384102 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3993464 = boost
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.291979 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
         0.22176206 = weight(abstract_txt:citers in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22176206 = score(doc=1738,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44405445 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1912682 = boost
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.49940285 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
         0.13081338 = weight(abstract_txt:authors in 1738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13081338 = score(doc=1738,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.23012623 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2489517 = boost
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.5684418 = fieldWeight in 1738, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1738)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

5. Ajiferuke, I.; Lu, K.; Wolfram, D.: ¬A comparison of citer and citation-based measure outcomes for multiple disciplines (2010) 0.13

   0.13324755 = sum of:
     0.13324755 = product of:
       0.6662378 = sum of:
         0.0405208 = weight(abstract_txt:cited in 4000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0405208 = score(doc=4000,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.089471646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0129148 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.45288983 = fieldWeight in 4000, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4000)
         0.08191467 = weight(abstract_txt:citation in 4000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08191467 = score(doc=4000,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.095759444 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2834135 = boost
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.8554213 = fieldWeight in 4000, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.896717 = idf(docFreq=897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4000)
         0.08224567 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 4000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08224567 = score(doc=4000,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11384102 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3993464 = boost
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.72246075 = fieldWeight in 4000, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.339045 = idf(docFreq=576, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4000)
         0.31680295 = weight(abstract_txt:citers in 4000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.31680295 = score(doc=4000,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44405445 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1912682 = boost
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.71343267 = fieldWeight in 4000, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4000)
         0.1447537 = weight(abstract_txt:authors in 4000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1447537 = score(doc=4000,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.23012623 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2489517 = boost
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015237369 = queryNorm
             0.62901866 = fieldWeight in 4000, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.648501 = idf(docFreq=1150, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4000)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)