Document (#26887)

Title

Chip kann Gedanken lesen : Neuro-Chip

Source

CD-Info. 2003, H.4, S.114

Year

2003

Abstract

Infineon Technologies eröffnet mit einem BiosensorChip neue Wege für die Neurowissenschaften. Den Forschern ist es in Zusammenarbeit mit dem MaxPlanck-Institut gelungen, die elektrischen Signale von Nervenzellen, den sogenannten Neuronen, in bislang unerreichter Genauigkeit aufzunehmen und zu verarbeiten.

Content

Der "Neuro-Chip" verstärkt die Signale und gibt sie zur Auswertung an ein Computersystem. Wissenschaftler versprechen sich von dieser Innovation vor allem neue Erkenntnisse über den Neuronen-Dschungel im menschlichen Gehirn. Mehr als 100 Milliarden Nervenzellen stehen dort in ständigem Informationsaustausch. Aufschlüsse über deren Funktionsweise und Zusammenwirken könnten ein erster Schritt zur Enträtselung heute unheilbarer Krankheiten des Gehirns sein. Das Auslesen der Nervenzellen auf dem Chip funktioniert über Sensoren. Diese verstärken und verarbei ten die extrem schwachen elektrischen Signale der aufgebrachten Neuronen (maximal fünf Millivolt). Jede Nervenzelle liegt dabei auf mindestens einem Sensor. Möglich wird dies, weil der Abstand der Sensoren zueinander mit acht Tausendstel Millimetern kleiner ist als der Durchmesser eines Neurons (zehn bis 50 Tausendstel Millimeter). Insgesamt befinden sich 16.384 kochempfindliche Sensoren auf einem Quadratmillimeter Chipfläche, von denen jeder mindestens 2.000 Werte pro Sekunde aufzeichnen kann. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten können Neurobiologen analysieren, wie ganze Zellverbande oder einzelne Zellen über einen festgelegten Zeitraum auf elektrische Stimulation oder bestimmte Substanzen reagieren. Um beispielsweise die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zellen verschiedener Hirnareale zu untersuchen, können einzelne Nervenzellen aufgebracht werden und auf der Sensorflache miteinander zu neuronalen Netzen verwachsen. Das Zellgewebe bleibt unverletzt und kann so über mehrere Wochen am Leben gehalten werden. Mit dem NeuroChip bekommen Wissenschaftler ein lang erhofftes Instrument zur Grundlagenforschung in die Hand. Die störungsfreie Beobachtung von Nervengewebe über einen langen Zeitraum bietet Neurobiologen und Neurochemikern kontinuierlichen Einblick in die Funktionsweise des Gedächtnisses. Durch den Neuro-Chip können neue Erkenntnisse zum Verständnis der Wahrnehmung, der Verarbeitung und Speicherung von Informationen im Gehirn gewonnen werden. Erste erfolgreiche Messungen mit dem Neuro-Chip wurden am MaxPlanck-Institut in Martinsried bei München an Hirnzellen von Schnecken durchgeführt. Das dortige Team um Professor Peter Fromherz hat die Entwicklungsarbeiten als wissenschaftlicher Projektpartner von Infineon begleitet.

Footnote

Vgl. auch: http://www.infineon.de

Field

Kognitionswissenschaft
Informatik

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