Document (#28639)

Author

Luhn, H.P.

Title

Keyword-in-context index for technical literature

Source

Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al

Imprint

Littleton, CO : Libraries Unlimited

Year

1985

Pages

S.168-180

Abstract

In the optimistic 1960s the potential of the computer seemed limitless. The realization of this potential in the area of information retrieval and dissemination owes much to the creative mind of Hans Peter Luhn. A pioneer of information science, he had a mind and an imagination that could transcend the state of the art. Luhn was born in Germany, where he studied technology, physics, and accounting. He came to the United States in 1924 and in 1941, at the age of 45, he joined IBM. In the course of his twenty-year tenure at IBM, he was issued over eighty patents; at one time he held more than any other IBM employee. Luhn is credited with originating KWIC indexes, computer selective dissemination systems (SDI), computer coding schemes, and statistical techniques for automatic indexing and abstracting. Also attributed to him is the first modern use of the word "thesaurus." The selection that follows modestly presents the idea of a Keyword in Context (KWIC) index. This is the idea of automatically identifying significant or "key" words and highlighting them in context. The context in question was normally a title. Though title term or catchword indexing had been practiced for over one hundred years, the implementation of the idea in mechanized systems in the 1960s was not trivial. It required programming the computer to recognize word boundaries and then developing a means for automatically differentiating significant from nonsignificant words. Spaces were used to demarcate word boundaries and a stop list, consisting of articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, some adjectives, and some very common words, was used to differentiate significant from nonsignificant words. A difficulty with any automatic indexing limited to extracting single words from texts is the semantic indeterminancy of the extracted character strings. To disambiguate these, Luhn adopted the concordance idea, proposing to display them in the context of their titles. Specifying the meaning of an index term by couching it in "context," anticipated the later development of string index languages such as PRECIS (PREserved Context Index System). Although the selection that follows is quite short, it presents, in addition to the idea of KWIC, what at the time were two innovative ideas. One is the distinction between the dissemination and the retrieval of information, in regard to which Luhn makes a point sometimes overlooked by modern critics of KWIC. This is that different purposes require different kinds of indexes; an index that is used to disseminate information for current awareness need not be as "perfect" as one used for retrospective information retrieval. The need to alert researchers to current information quickly, and the somewhat transitory character of this information, make KWIC, albeit quick and dirty, a costeffective alternative for dissemination indexes. The second harbinger idea is a method of uniquely identifying documents for retrieval using an identification code comprising the initial characters from a document's author, title, and - interestingly - year of publication. Luhn's mind was fertile indeed and he is aptly called a pioneer of information science.

Footnote

Nachdruck des Originalartikels mit Kommentierung durch die Herausgeber
Original in: Tech Report RC-127. Yorktown Heights, NY: IBM 1959.

Theme

Register

Object

KWIC

Similar documents (author)

1. Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature (1960) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:luhn in 4997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 4997, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4997)
   

2. Luhn, H.P.: ¬A statistical approach to the mechanical encoding and searching of literary information (1957) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:luhn in 5453) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 5453, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5453)
   

3. Luhn, H.P.: ¬The automatic derivation of information retrieval encodements from machine-readable texts (1961) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:luhn in 1926) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 1926, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1926)
   

4. Luhn, G.: ¬Die riskierte Vernunft : Technisches Handeln und Wissen im Kontext einer Inversen Semantik (2000) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:luhn in 5998) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 5998, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5998)
   

5. Luhn, H.P.: Keyword-in-context index for technical literature : KWIC index (1959) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:luhn in 1780) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 1780, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1780)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Barker, P.: End-user interface design for an electronic KWIK (1994) 0.26

   0.2555424 = sum of:
     0.2555424 = product of:
       0.79857 = sum of:
         0.012740525 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012740525 = score(doc=1961,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.04055542 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.02282 = boost
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.314151 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.059611056 = weight(abstract_txt:keyword in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059611056 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.105318636 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0424551 = boost
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.5660067 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.03343577 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03343577 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.081995875 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1265393 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.40777382 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.020537706 = weight(abstract_txt:used in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020537706 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06521267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1600741 = boost
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.3149343 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.04361314 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04361314 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10773965 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4911026 = boost
               4.317879 = idf(docFreq=1601, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.4048012 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.317879 = idf(docFreq=1601, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.021742346 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021742346 = score(doc=1961,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.0677384 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6720613 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.32097518 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.07750037 = weight(abstract_txt:context in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07750037 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19047847 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6227791 = boost
               4.339969 = idf(docFreq=1566, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.4068721 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.339969 = idf(docFreq=1566, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
         0.5293891 = weight(abstract_txt:kwic in 1961) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5293891 = score(doc=1961,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.61298615 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9764917 = boost
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.8636232 = fieldWeight in 1961, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1961)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. BIOSIS introduces new relational indexing scheme and additional information in 1998 (1998) 0.22

   0.21674144 = sum of:
     0.21674144 = product of:
       1.0837072 = sum of:
         0.04458103 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 2595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04458103 = score(doc=2595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.081995875 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1265393 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.54369843 = fieldWeight in 2595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2595)
         0.03031526 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 2595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03031526 = score(doc=2595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.069787726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2000774 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.43439242 = fieldWeight in 2595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2595)
         0.10196194 = weight(abstract_txt:indexes in 2595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10196194 = score(doc=2595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14233685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4842569 = boost
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.71634257 = fieldWeight in 2595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2595)
         0.20099686 = weight(abstract_txt:index in 2595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20099686 = score(doc=2595,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.19548842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4599478 = boost
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             1.0281779 = fieldWeight in 2595, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2595)
         0.7058521 = weight(abstract_txt:kwic in 2595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7058521 = score(doc=2595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.61298615 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9764917 = boost
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             1.1514976 = fieldWeight in 2595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2595)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

3. Mooers, C.N.: ¬The indexing language of an information retrieval system (1985) 0.21

   0.21395339 = sum of:
     0.21395339 = product of:
       0.44573623 = sum of:
         0.01191767 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01191767 = score(doc=3644,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.04055542 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.02282 = boost
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.29386133 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.029805528 = weight(abstract_txt:keyword in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029805528 = score(doc=3644,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.105318636 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0424551 = boost
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.28300336 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.023642661 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023642661 = score(doc=3644,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.081995875 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1265393 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.28833964 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.039213035 = weight(abstract_txt:boundaries in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039213035 = score(doc=3644,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12645257 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1422695 = boost
               6.615483 = idf(docFreq=160, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.31010076 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.615483 = idf(docFreq=160, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.020537706 = weight(abstract_txt:used in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020537706 = score(doc=3644,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.06521267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1600741 = boost
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.3149343 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.011368222 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011368222 = score(doc=3644,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.069787726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2000774 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.16289715 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.072948374 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.072948374 = score(doc=3644,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.12804368 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4077626 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.5697147 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.02180657 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02180657 = score(doc=3644,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10773965 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4911026 = boost
               4.317879 = idf(docFreq=1601, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.2024006 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.317879 = idf(docFreq=1601, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.010871173 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010871173 = score(doc=3644,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.0677384 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6720613 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.16048759 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.07345042 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07345042 = score(doc=3644,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.20698562 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3107069 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.35485756 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.07537383 = weight(abstract_txt:index in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07537383 = score(doc=3644,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.19548842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4599478 = boost
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.3855667 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
         0.054801043 = weight(abstract_txt:context in 3644) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.054801043 = score(doc=3644,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19047847 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6227791 = boost
               4.339969 = idf(docFreq=1566, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.28770202 = fieldWeight in 3644, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.339969 = idf(docFreq=1566, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3644)
       0.48 = coord(12/25)
   

4. Bachir, I.; Buxton, A.: ¬The use of topic sentences for evaluating the representativeness of Arabic article titles (1993) 0.18

   0.1796139 = sum of:
     0.1796139 = product of:
       0.5612935 = sum of:
         0.059611056 = weight(abstract_txt:keyword in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059611056 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.105318636 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0424551 = boost
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.5660067 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.037405 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.03343577 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03343577 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.081995875 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1265393 = boost
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.40777382 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3495874 = idf(docFreq=1551, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.020537706 = weight(abstract_txt:used in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020537706 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06521267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1600741 = boost
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.3149343 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.3592992 = idf(docFreq=4177, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.044025443 = weight(abstract_txt:significant in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044025443 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09850394 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2347447 = boost
               4.76737 = idf(docFreq=1021, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.44694096 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.76737 = idf(docFreq=1021, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.13192184 = weight(abstract_txt:title in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13192184 = score(doc=6985,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14195646 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4822721 = boost
               5.723078 = idf(docFreq=392, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.929312 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.723078 = idf(docFreq=392, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.07647146 = weight(abstract_txt:indexes in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07647146 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14233685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4842569 = boost
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.53725696 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.015374159 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015374159 = score(doc=6985,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.0677384 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6720613 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.22696373 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
         0.17991605 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 6985) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17991605 = score(doc=6985,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.20698562 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3107069 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.86922 = fieldWeight in 6985, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6985)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. Madelung, H.-O.: Subject searching in the social sciences : a comparison of PRECIS and KWIC indexes indexes to newspaper articles (1982) 0.16

   0.16143346 = sum of:
     0.16143346 = product of:
       1.0089592 = sum of:
         0.018947037 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 5517) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018947037 = score(doc=5517,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.069787726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2000774 = boost
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.27149525 = fieldWeight in 5517, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4751394 = idf(docFreq=3720, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5517)
         0.06372621 = weight(abstract_txt:indexes in 5517) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06372621 = score(doc=5517,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14233685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4842569 = boost
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.4477141 = fieldWeight in 5517, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7307405 = idf(docFreq=389, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5517)
         0.16217867 = weight(abstract_txt:index in 5517) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16217867 = score(doc=5517,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.19548842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4599478 = boost
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             0.8296075 = fieldWeight in 5517, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.74895 = idf(docFreq=1040, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5517)
         0.7641073 = weight(abstract_txt:kwic in 5517) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7641073 = score(doc=5517,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.61298615 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.9764917 = boost
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.016733915 = queryNorm
             1.2465327 = fieldWeight in 5517, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5517)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)