Document (#28731)

Author

Rapoport, A.

Title

Allgemeine Systemtheorie : Wesentliche Begriffe und Anwendungen

Issue

Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Werner Krabs und Günther Schwarz.

Imprint

Darmstadt : Verlag Darmstädter Blätter

Year

1992

Pages

280 S

Isbn

3-98139-088-7

Abstract

Das sogenannte "systemische Herangehen" wird häufig als eine Gegenströmung gegen die zunehmende Aufspaltung der Wissenschaft in hochspezialisierte Bereiche dargestellt, was zu einem Zusammenbruch der Kommunikation zwischen Spezialisten führt. Schon das Wort "System" setzt ein Bewußtsein der Wechselwirkung der Teile voraus, wodurch ein "Ganzes" seine eigenen existentiellen Eigenschaften unabhängig von denen der Teile erhält. Befürworter der Allgemeinen Systemtheorie haben es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, hinreichend allgemeine Prinzipien zu suchen, die sich auf viele verschiedene Zusammenhänge anwenden lassen: physi kalische, biologische, psychologische und soziale. Aus diesem Grunde arbeiten allgemeine Systemtheoretiker in vielen unterschiedlichen Wissenschaftsbereichen ebenso wie unter Philosophen, Ingenieuren und Unternehmenspraktikern. Deshalb gibt es Befürworter einer intellektuellen Integration auf einer anderen Ebene. Wie integriert man aber die Integrationalisten? Dies Buch bemüht sich, die Aufgaben der Allgemeinen Systemtheorie aus verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten zu formulieren. Angefangen von dem Standpunkt eines Mathematikers, der nach formalen mathematischen Analogien zwischen ganz unterschiedlichen Inhalten als der am meisten versprechenden Grundlage einer Integration sucht, bis zum Standnunkt des Philosophen, der den Begriff eines "lebenden Systems" über die auffälligsten Beispiele - individuelle Lebewesen - zu erweitern sucht. Der vorliegende Band gliedert sich um die hauptsächlichen Begriffe der Allgemeinen Systemtheorie. Im zweiten Kapitel dient das abstrakte mathematische Modell als ein Brennpunkt für die Integration von Phänomenen, die inhaltlich verschieden, ihrer Struktur nach einander ähnlich sind. Im dritten Kapitel wird die Grundlage der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von "Systemheit" mit Nachdruck auf die Wahrnehmung und Zuschreibung von Realität von "Ganzheiten" untersucht. Kapitel vier und fünf behandeln jeweils Organisation und Zielgerichtetheit, Eigenschaften, die besonders lebenden Systemen (einschließlich gesellschaftlichen Systemen) zugeschrieben werden. Kapitel sechs ist ein Überblick über die Anwendungen der Vorstellungen der Allgemeinen Systemtheorie mit besonderem Nachdruck auf Erweiterung der elementaren Begriffe von Ursachen und Wirkun gen. Daß eine Ursache mehrere Wirkungen haben und eine Wirkung die Folge vieler Ursachen sein mag, wird von jedem zugegeben. Dennoch wird bei der Erledigung praktischer Aufgaben und bei Versuchen einer Problemlösung diese Binsenwahrheit häufig aus den Augen verloren. Erst die dramatischen Manifestationen (häufig verheerender) Nebenwirkungen von Lösungsversuchen haben die Unzulänglichkeit massiv angewandter "technischer Notlösungen" in den Mittelpunkt öffentlicher Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. Dieses neue Bewußtsein des grundlegenden Zusammenhanges von allem mit allem anderen ist wahrscheinlich das wichtigste "praktische" Ergebnis des systemischen Herangehens gewesen.

Field

Wissenschaftstheorie

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