Document (#29582)

Author

Ratzan, L.

Title

Understanding information systems : what they do and why we need them

Imprint

Chicago, IL : American Library Association

Year

2004

Pages

253 S

Isbn

0-8389-0868-3

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.13, S.1463-1464 (J. Kalbach): "Many books on information and information systems quickly become outdated due to the rapid pace at which technology changes. Musings an the "future" can feel dated already by the time of publication. Understanding Information Systems avoids this pitfall by remaining agnostic to "any specific application, time, or technology" (p. xv). There are no mentions of database capacity, bandwidth issues, or Google. Instead, the author uses a mathematical perspective-relying an numbers, equations, and quantitative logic-to explain information systems at their most abstract, fundamental level. There are 16 chapters in this book, conveniently mirroring the typical number of weeks in a university semester. Each chapter is relatively short and self-contained, accessible directly or out-of-context. However, the book progresses in a very logical manner and has an overall cumulative flow to it. Each chapter also concludes with a series of about a dozen exercises and problems. This is particularly useful for classroom settings. The first four chapters form a basis for understanding information, its organization, and its retrieval. In "Describing Information," there is a particularly good discussion of various definitions of "information." For readers without prior exposure to the slipperiness of such definitions, this presentation is certainly provocative and eye opening. The bulk of chapter two, "Representing Information," focuses an an explanation of binary representation, contrasting it to decimal and hexadecimal systems. It soon becomms clear that there is no single, "natural" representation system, and each system has advantages and disadvantages. Throughout the book, the author highlights alternative ways of thinking and approaching problems.
In "Organizing Information" various fundamental organizational schemes are compared. These include hierarchical, relational, hypertext, and random access models. Each is described initially and then expanded an by listing advantages and disadvantages. This comparative format-not found elsewhere in the book-improves access to the subject and overall understanding. The author then affords considerable space to Boolean searching in the chapter "Retrieving Information." Throughout this chapter, the intricacies and problems of pattern matching and relevance are highlighted. The author elucidates the fact that document retrieval by simple pattern matching is not the same as problem solving. Therefore, "always know the nature of the problem you are trying to solve" (p. 56). This chapter is one of the more important ones in the book, covering a large topic swiftly and concisely. Chapters 5 through 11 then delve deeper into various specific issues of information systems. The chapters an securing and concealing information are exceptionally good. Without mentioning specific technologies, Mr. Ratzan is able to clearly present fundamental aspects of information security. Principles of backup security, password management, and encryption are also discussed in some detail. The latter is illustrated with some fascinating examples, from the Navajo Code Talkers to invisible ink and others. The chapters an measuring, counting, and numbering information complement each other well. Some of the more math-centric discussions and examples are found here. "Measuring Information" begins with a brief overview of bibliometrics and then moves quickly through Lotka's law, Zipf's law, and Bradford's law. For an LIS student, exposure to these topics is invaluable. Baseball statistics and web metrics are used for illustration purposes towards the end. In "counting Information," counting devices and methods are first presented, followed by discussion of the Fibonacci sequence and golden ratio. This relatively long chapter ends with examples of the tower of Hanoi, the changes of winning the lottery, and poker odds. The bulk of "Numbering Information" centers an prime numbers and pi. This chapter reads more like something out of an arithmetic book and seems somewhat extraneous here. Three specific types of information systems are presented in the second half of the book, each afforded its own chapter. These examples are universal as not to become dated or irrelevant over time. "The Computer as an Information System" is relatively short and focuses an bits, bytes, and data compression. Considering the Internet as an information system-chapter 13-is an interesting illustration. It brings up issues of IP addressing and the "privilege-vs.-right" access issue. We are reminded that the distinction between information rights and privileges is often unclear. A highlight of this chapter is the discussion of metaphors people use to describe the Internet, derived from the author's own research. He has found that people have varying mental models of the Internet, potentially affecting its perception and subsequent use.
The chapter an "Music as an Information System" is a fascinating topic to include in this book and is very enlightening. Curiously, muck of the chapter places great emphasis an obscure details of acoustics and tuning systems before introducing the topic of music information retrieval. Nonetheless, questions such as "What is music about?" and "What is a melody?" are challenging and provocative, broadening our consideration of information systems in general. The idea of retrieval by sound, for one, is likely to be new to many readers. The book is rounded off by two special interest chapters. The first "Interpreting Information" (chapt. 15) is chiefly concerned with the meaning of numbers, particularly numerology. Much of this chapter is spent deconstructing and debunking various examples of numerology. The author shows that coincidental combinations of numbers do not necessarily constitute useful information. The last chapter, "Counterintuitive Information," is perhaps one of the more amusing chapters in the book. Through a series of rapid-fire logic problems and paradoxes, the main point comes across: Information is not always intuitive or consistent, and contradictory information can make nonsense. This book covers a lot of ground within a short space. To his credit, the author's extremely concise writing style allows him to efficiently and effectively make use of the mere 250 pages of this slim volume. Choosing which topics to include or exclude was surely a difficult task, pointing out missing areas is not helpful for this review. Overall, the text paints a rather thorough picture of information systems. It is best to take the breadth of the book for what it is: an overview and a starting point for further exploration. As such, this text is rather successful. On a broad level, however, treatment of human factors and usercentered considerations seem completely lacking. There is virtually no accounting for information needs and uses as part of a "system." Instead, this book clearly takes a system-centered approach to understanding information systems. The perspective here is firmly centered within the traditional canon of information science. Therefore, the second part of the book's subtitle-"and why we need them"-seems to be a misnomer. There is no real explanation for the role that information systems have within the human condition in general or why we do indeed need them.
In the Introduction the author warns of the use of arithmetic to explain concepts. He claims, however, that math-phobic readers can skip over math expressions and focus an the text. This is not a realistic proposition. Clearly, to get the most of this text one has to confront the math head on. Fortunately, the math is relatively simple and straightforward, and anyone at a college level should be able to manage. This is unmistakably not a how-to book, nor does it pretend to be. However, when practical or semipractical information is offered it can be superficial or misleading. In the chapter an "Managing Information," for example, the author describes a phased process for building systems. The process begins with a "Design" phase, which addresses the question "What is the problem?" This is followed by an "Analysis" phase, or "What is the solution?" In practice, there are virtually no development processes that begin with design and then move to analysis. By this logic, we would be designing problems and analyzing solutions, when the opposite is more appropriate. This erroneous order is repeated in the text so one can only assume it was not a printing error. The book's primary strength and weakness both stem from the same aspect: the numerous examples and exercises used to demonstrate the principles presented. Most of the examples are well thought out and even mesmerizing, bringing the subject to life. For instance, in the first chapter the question "Is a tree an information system?" is posed in the first exercise. The answer is yes, "because it provides information an how all trees interact with their environment or how trees differ from one another" (p. 229). This level of abstraction is surely enlightening for LIS students. However, many other illustrations are obscure and presumably personal to the author. One can well imagine Mr. Ratzan effectively relying an certain examples and exercises in class, but in their own they sometimes leave the reader asking "So what?" For instance, devoting a whole page to mnemonic devices for the digits of pi seems excessive. The intended points of some illustrations are not at all self-evident and might require external explanations. This book may also have a more limited appeal than the author hopes. In the Introduction, he mentions many target groups, including the general public. It is hard to imagine someone outside of an academic context approaching this text and getting the most of it. On the other hand, professors looking for a new text for related courses should strongly consider this volume. Current issues can supplement the text, but these must come from external sources or in-class exercises.
Overall, Understanding Information Systems explores a variety of aspects of information systems while not centering discussion an any one specific system-a clear strong point. The author is able to effectively talk about information as information, without filtering explanations through any particular system. This unique approach makes this book quite valuable, and anyone studying or teaching LIS should find it interesting."

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