Document (#30216)

Author

Heo, M.
Hirtle, S.C.

Title

¬An empirical comparison of visualization tools to assist information retrieval on the Web

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.8, S.666-675

Year

2001

Abstract

The reader of a hypertext document in a web environment, if maximum use of the document is to be obtained, must visualize the overall structure of the paths through the document as well as the document space. Graphic visualization displays of this space, produced to assist in navigation, are classified into four groups, and Heo and Hirtle compare three of these classes as to their effectiveness. Distortion displays expand regions of interest while relatively diminishing the detail of the remaining regions. This technique will show both local detail and global structure. Zoom techniques use a series of increasingly focused displays of smaller and smaller areas, and can reduce cogitative overload, but do not provide an easy movement to other parts of the total space. Expanding outline displays use a tree structure to allow movement through a hierarchy of documents, but if the organization has a wide horizontal structure, or is not particularly hierarchical in nature such display can break down. Three dimensional layouts, which are not evaluated here, place objects by location in three space, providing more information and freedom. However, the space must be represented in two dimensions resulting in difficulty in visually judging depth, size and positioning. Ten students were assigned to each of eight groups composed of viewers of the three techniques and an unassisted control group using either a large (583 selected pages) or a small (50 selected pages) web space. Sets of 10 questions, which were designed to elicit the use of a visualization tool, were provided for each space. Accuracy and time spent were extracted from a log file. Users views were also surveyed after completion. ANOVA shows significant differences in accuracy and time based upon the visualization tool in use. A Tukey test shows zoom accuracy to be significantly less than expanding outline and zoom time to be significantly greater than both the outline and control groups. Size significantly affected accuracy and time, but had no interaction with tool type. While the expanding tool class out performed zoom and distortion, its performance was not significantly different from the control group.

Theme

Internet
Hypertext
Visualisierung

Similar documents (content)

1. Craven, T.C.: Three-dimensional displays of concept relation structures (1992) 0.15

   0.14830108 = sum of:
     0.14830108 = product of:
       0.92688173 = sum of:
         0.09871312 = weight(abstract_txt:three in 2534) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09871312 = score(doc=2534,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11799088 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6880497 = boost
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.8366165 = fieldWeight in 2534, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=2534)
         0.27430555 = weight(abstract_txt:distortion in 2534) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.27430555 = score(doc=2534,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26696357 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7954445 = boost
               9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             1.0275018 = fieldWeight in 2534, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=2534)
         0.29707217 = weight(abstract_txt:displays in 2534) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29707217 = score(doc=2534,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.28153792 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6075308 = boost
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             1.0551764 = fieldWeight in 2534, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=2534)
         0.25679088 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 2534) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25679088 = score(doc=2534,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.30786574 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.607121 = boost
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.83410025 = fieldWeight in 2534, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=2534)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

2. Osinska, V.; Kowalska, M.; Osinski, Z.: ¬The role of visualization in the shaping and exploration of the individual information space : part 1 (2018) 0.14

   0.14046709 = sum of:
     0.14046709 = product of:
       0.43895966 = sum of:
         0.0531929 = weight(abstract_txt:groups in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0531929 = score(doc=4641,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11800774 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4619983 = boost
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.4507577 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.026993128 = weight(abstract_txt:time in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026993128 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10411175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.585663 = boost
               4.148331 = idf(docFreq=1897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.2592707 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.148331 = idf(docFreq=1897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.031296406 = weight(abstract_txt:structure in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031296406 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.114901915 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6658068 = boost
               4.3579993 = idf(docFreq=1538, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.27237496 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3579993 = idf(docFreq=1538, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.023364892 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023364892 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10186152 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7535619 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.22937898 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.045907438 = weight(abstract_txt:tool in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045907438 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1483382 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8927249 = boost
               4.951651 = idf(docFreq=849, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3094782 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.951651 = idf(docFreq=849, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.06306558 = weight(abstract_txt:significantly in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06306558 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1833127 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.104056 = boost
               5.5045247 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3440328 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5045247 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.09138012 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09138012 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23472829 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.380914 = boost
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3893017 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
         0.10375919 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 4641) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10375919 = score(doc=4641,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30786574 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.607121 = boost
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3370274 = fieldWeight in 4641, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4641)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Zhang, J.; Nguyen, T.: WebStar: a visualization model for hyperlink structures (2005) 0.13

   0.13107291 = sum of:
     0.13107291 = product of:
       0.6553645 = sum of:
         0.12696987 = weight(abstract_txt:movement in 1056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12696987 = score(doc=1056,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15867361 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3841984 = boost
               7.24254 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.8001952 = fieldWeight in 1056, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.24254 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1056)
         0.042703807 = weight(abstract_txt:control in 1056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.042703807 = score(doc=1056,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11067659 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4158573 = boost
               4.9387927 = idf(docFreq=860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3858432 = fieldWeight in 1056, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.9387927 = idf(docFreq=860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1056)
         0.06475411 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 1056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06475411 = score(doc=1056,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11147961 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6408116 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.5808606 = fieldWeight in 1056, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1056)
         0.16153875 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 1056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16153875 = score(doc=1056,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23472829 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.380914 = boost
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.68819463 = fieldWeight in 1056, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1056)
         0.25939798 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 1056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25939798 = score(doc=1056,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.30786574 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.607121 = boost
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.8425685 = fieldWeight in 1056, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1056)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Darányi, S.; Wittek, P.: Demonstrating conceptual dynamics in an evolving text collection (2013) 0.12

   0.12302766 = sum of:
     0.12302766 = product of:
       0.51261526 = sum of:
         0.0531929 = weight(abstract_txt:groups in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0531929 = score(doc=1137,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11800774 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4619983 = boost
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.4507577 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
         0.031296406 = weight(abstract_txt:structure in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031296406 = score(doc=1137,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.114901915 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6658068 = boost
               4.3579993 = idf(docFreq=1538, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.27237496 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3579993 = idf(docFreq=1538, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
         0.046056528 = weight(abstract_txt:three in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.046056528 = score(doc=1137,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11799088 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6880497 = boost
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.39033973 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
         0.15827501 = weight(abstract_txt:visualization in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15827501 = score(doc=1137,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.23472829 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.380914 = boost
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.6742903 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.228827 = idf(docFreq=236, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
         0.120035276 = weight(abstract_txt:displays in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.120035276 = score(doc=1137,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28153792 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6075308 = boost
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.42635563 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
         0.10375919 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10375919 = score(doc=1137,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30786574 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.607121 = boost
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.3370274 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3924384 = idf(docFreq=546, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

5. Kilgour, F.G.; Moran, B.B.; Barden, J.R.: Retrieval effectiveness of surname-title-word searches for known items by academic library users (1999) 0.12

   0.12021224 = sum of:
     0.12021224 = product of:
       0.50088435 = sum of:
         0.040622987 = weight(abstract_txt:selected in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040622987 = score(doc=3061,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08281481 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.232299 = idf(docFreq=641, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.49052802 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.232299 = idf(docFreq=641, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
         0.049952276 = weight(abstract_txt:pages in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049952276 = score(doc=3061,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.095052525 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0713413 = boost
               5.6055775 = idf(docFreq=441, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.5255229 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.6055775 = idf(docFreq=441, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
         0.05726107 = weight(abstract_txt:time in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05726107 = score(doc=3061,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10411175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.585663 = boost
               4.148331 = idf(docFreq=1897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.5499962 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.148331 = idf(docFreq=1897, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
         0.048850328 = weight(abstract_txt:three in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.048850328 = score(doc=3061,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11799088 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6880497 = boost
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.41401783 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.41619 = idf(docFreq=1451, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
         0.049564417 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049564417 = score(doc=3061,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10186152 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7535619 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.48658627 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
         0.25463328 = weight(abstract_txt:displays in 3061) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25463328 = score(doc=3061,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.28153792 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6075308 = boost
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.015827615 = queryNorm
             0.9044368 = fieldWeight in 3061, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.82169 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3061)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)