Document (#30869)

Author
Rahmstorf, G.
Title
Wege zur Ontologie
Source
Wissensorganisation und Verantwortung: Gesellschaftliche, ökonomische und technische Aspekte. Proceedings der 9. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Duisburg, 5.-7. November 2004. Hrsg. von H.P. Ohly u.a
Imprint
Würzburg : Ergon Verlag
Year
2006
Pages
S.37-47
Series
Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.9
Abstract
Ontologie ist in der Philosophie die Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, welche Arten von Gegenständen existieren und in welcher Weise sie existieren. Ein zentrales Thema ist z. B., ob es geistige Gegenstände, z. B. Gedanken, Ideen, Begriffe, Vorstellungen u. a. gibt und wie ihre Existenz begründet wird. Neuerdings wird mit dem Wort "Ontologie" eine andere, etwas konkretere Bedeutung verbunden. Unter einer Ontologie werden die allgemeinsten Begriffe eines Fachgebiets verstanden. So gehören zur Ontologie des Organischen u. a. "Pflanze", "Tier" und "Mensch". Wenn der Begriff "Tier" schon gegeben ist, lassen sich daraus andere Begriffe, z. B. "Wirbeltier", "Reptil", "Säugetier" usw. spezifizierend durch Angabe weiterer Merkmale bilden. Außerdem können Begriffsbeziehungen und andere formale Mittel zu Ontologien gehören. Ontologie ist danach die Methode, durch die die Begriffswelt eines Sachgebiets bestimmt wird, und insbesondere das Ergebnis dieser Methode: die Struktur aus Begriffen höchster Allgemeinheit, die mit dieser Methode erstellt wird. Das Wort "Ontologie" kann jedoch unterschiedlich verstanden wird. Es bezeichnet auch die Gesamtheit aller Begriffe, die zum Untersuchungsgegenstand gehören. Die Ontologie umfasst dann alles, was an Begriffen aus einer bestimmten Aufgabenstellung betrachtet bzw. erarbeitet wird. Zu einer Ontologie der Elektronik würden alle Begriffe dieses Gebietes gehören. Mit einem so weit gefassten Verständnis des Wortes "Ontologie" wird die Fokussierung auf die Kategorien größter Allgemeinheit der hierarchisch gegliederten Begriffswelt aufgegeben. Außerdem würde eine so verstandene Ontologie mit der Tatsache der Unabgrenzbarkeit des Wortschatzes belastet werden. Komposita können im Deutschen quasi unbegrenzt erweitert werden. Es gibt nicht nur den Kamin und den Kaminfeger, sondern auch die Kaminfegerarbeitskleidungsreinigungsfirma und dergleichen mehr. Komposita sind unverzichtbar. Ihre maximale Länge ist nicht festgelegt. Die Benennungen für Stoffe in der Chemie zeigen, dass man in dieser Fachsprache durchaus problemlos mit sehr langen Zusammensetzungen kommuniziert. Aber die Ontologen werden nicht daran interessiert sein, ihre Untersuchungen bis in die Tiefen aller Fachgebiete auszudehnen. Kurzum "Ontologie" sollte sich auf Begriffe höchster Allgemeinheit beziehen. Das entspricht der engeren Bedeutung des Wortes "Ontologie". Die Unterbegriffe dieser Top-Level-Begriffe können natürlich ebenfalls für Ontologen von Interesse sein, weil sie zeigen, welches Begriffsbildungspotenzial die verschiedenen Top-Level-Begriffe haben. Der Schwerpunkt des Interesses der Ontologen sollte aber auf den Begriffen liegen, die nicht weiter zurückführbar sind.
Theme
Begriffstheorie
Field
Philosophie

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