Document (#32002)

Author
Borgman, C.L.
Title
¬The invisible library : paradox of the global information infrastructure
Source
Library trends. 51(2003) no.4, S.652-674
Year
2003
Abstract
Libraries are an essential component of a nation's information infrastructure, yet often they are invisible to their users and other stakeholders. In the context of this special issue, the paper presents four challenges faced by libraries and proposes research designs to address each of them. The four challenges involve: 1. invisible infrastructure, 2. content and collections, 3. preservation and access, and 4. institutional boundaries. I propose a mixture of research methods that includes surveys, case studies, documentary analyses, and policy analyses. Only with a better understanding of these challenges can libraries find their best fit in the information infrastructure of our networked world.
Footnote
Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Research questions for the twenty-first century

Similar documents (author)

  1. Borgman, C.L.: What are Digital Libraries? : competing visions (1999) 5.01
    5.005005 = sum of:
      5.005005 = weight(author_txt:borgman in 2050) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.005005 = fieldWeight in 2050, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2050)
    
  2. Borgman, C.L.: Psychological research in human-computer interaction (1984) 5.01
    5.005005 = sum of:
      5.005005 = weight(author_txt:borgman in 2130) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.005005 = fieldWeight in 2130, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2130)
    
  3. Borgman, C.L.: Why are online catalogs hard to use? : lessons learned from information-retrieval studies (1986) 5.01
    5.005005 = sum of:
      5.005005 = weight(author_txt:borgman in 2281) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.005005 = fieldWeight in 2281, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2281)
    
  4. Borgman, C.L.: Children's use of an interactive science library : exploratory research (1990) 5.01
    5.005005 = sum of:
      5.005005 = weight(author_txt:borgman in 2432) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.005005 = fieldWeight in 2432, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2432)
    
  5. Borgman, C.L.: Mental models: ways of looking at a system : training users with mental models can improve performance (1982) 5.01
    5.005005 = sum of:
      5.005005 = weight(author_txt:borgman in 2725) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.005005 = fieldWeight in 2725, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2725)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Thompson, K.M.: ¬The US information infrastructure and libraries : a case study in democracy (2008) 0.22
    0.21581201 = sum of:
      0.21581201 = product of:
        0.7707572 = sum of:
          0.041731264 = weight(abstract_txt:policy in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041731264 = score(doc=1902,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.096024156 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0028425 = boost
                5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.43459132 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.018170133 = weight(abstract_txt:their in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.018170133 = score(doc=1902,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.060714316 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1277246 = boost
                3.1594994 = idf(docFreq=5101, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.29927263 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.1594994 = idf(docFreq=5101, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.0105988635 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0105988635 = score(doc=1902,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.061131585 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1315932 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.17337786 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.03395106 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03395106 = score(doc=1902,freq=23.0), product of:
              0.053470735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2961677 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.6349466 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                4.7958317 = tf(freq=23.0), with freq of:
                  23.0 = termFreq=23.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.17081979 = weight(abstract_txt:nation's in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.17081979 = score(doc=1902,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.24571496 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6041993 = boost
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.6951949 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.054006644 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.054006644 = score(doc=1902,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.13053732 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.025212 = boost
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.4137257 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
          0.44147944 = weight(abstract_txt:infrastructure in 1902) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.44147944 = score(doc=1902,freq=9.0), product of:
              0.444934 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3173804 = boost
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.9922358 = fieldWeight in 1902, product of:
                3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                  9.0 = termFreq=9.0
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1902)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  2. Sherman, C.; Price, G.: ¬The invisible Web : uncovering sources search engines can't see (2004) 0.16
    0.16046144 = sum of:
      0.16046144 = product of:
        1.002884 = sum of:
          0.0101132635 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 20) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0101132635 = score(doc=20,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.053470735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2961677 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.18913643 = fieldWeight in 20, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=20)
          0.13249405 = weight(abstract_txt:paradox in 20) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13249405 = score(doc=20,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.20603725 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4689783 = boost
                8.231152 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.6430587 = fieldWeight in 20, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.231152 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=20)
          0.06646967 = weight(abstract_txt:four in 20) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06646967 = score(doc=20,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16389807 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8528677 = boost
                5.191103 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.40555492 = fieldWeight in 20, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.191103 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=20)
          0.7938071 = weight(abstract_txt:invisible in 20) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.7938071 = score(doc=20,freq=6.0), product of:
              0.5394462 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.1169653 = boost
                7.689554 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              1.4715223 = fieldWeight in 20, product of:
                2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                  6.0 = termFreq=6.0
                7.689554 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=20)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  3. Borgman, C.L.; Scharnhorst, A.; Golshan, M.S.: Digital data archives as knowledge infrastructures : mediating data sharing and reuse (2019) 0.15
    0.15462862 = sum of:
      0.15462862 = product of:
        0.48321444 = sum of:
          0.047288463 = weight(abstract_txt:essential in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.047288463 = score(doc=5325,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.09548056 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.6033173 = idf(docFreq=442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.49526796 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.6033173 = idf(docFreq=442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.044761583 = weight(abstract_txt:networked in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.044761583 = score(doc=5325,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11597342 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1021019 = boost
                6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.38596416 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.023978356 = weight(abstract_txt:their in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.023978356 = score(doc=5325,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.060714316 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1277246 = boost
                3.1594994 = idf(docFreq=5101, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.39493743 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.1594994 = idf(docFreq=5101, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.012112986 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.012112986 = score(doc=5325,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.061131585 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1315932 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.19814612 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.008090612 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008090612 = score(doc=5325,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.053470735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2961677 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.15130915 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.108014636 = weight(abstract_txt:stakeholders in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.108014636 = score(doc=5325,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.16560239 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3169698 = boost
                7.3793993 = idf(docFreq=74, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.6522529 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                7.3793993 = idf(docFreq=74, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.07078516 = weight(abstract_txt:analyses in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07078516 = score(doc=5325,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.19833209 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0382338 = boost
                5.7104354 = idf(docFreq=397, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.3569022 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.7104354 = idf(docFreq=397, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
          0.16818264 = weight(abstract_txt:infrastructure in 5325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.16818264 = score(doc=5325,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.444934 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3173804 = boost
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.37799457 = fieldWeight in 5325, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5325)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  4. Borgman, C.L.: Multi-media, multi-cultural, and multi-lingual digital libraries : or how do we exchange data In 400 languages? (1997) 0.15
    0.15102015 = sum of:
      0.15102015 = product of:
        0.4195004 = sum of:
          0.02107747 = weight(abstract_txt:policy in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02107747 = score(doc=1263,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.096024156 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0028425 = boost
                5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.21950176 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.0075706164 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0075706164 = score(doc=1263,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.061131585 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1315932 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.12384132 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.048638955 = weight(abstract_txt:boundaries in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.048638955 = score(doc=1263,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.13309069 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1806369 = boost
                6.615483 = idf(docFreq=160, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.36545724 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.615483 = idf(docFreq=160, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.036619116 = weight(abstract_txt:faced in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.036619116 = score(doc=1263,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13877356 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2055795 = boost
                6.7552447 = idf(docFreq=139, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.26387674 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.7552447 = idf(docFreq=139, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.03758438 = weight(abstract_txt:involve in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03758438 = score(doc=1263,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14120165 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2160807 = boost
                6.8140855 = idf(docFreq=131, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.2661752 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.8140855 = idf(docFreq=131, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.007151157 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.007151157 = score(doc=1263,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.053470735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2961677 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.13373965 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.043129474 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043129474 = score(doc=1263,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.13053732 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.025212 = boost
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.33039957 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.0690754 = weight(abstract_txt:challenges in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0690754 = score(doc=1263,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.24251997 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.760431 = boost
                5.155857 = idf(docFreq=692, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.28482354 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.155857 = idf(docFreq=692, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
          0.14865385 = weight(abstract_txt:infrastructure in 1263) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.14865385 = score(doc=1263,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.444934 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3173804 = boost
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.33410314 = fieldWeight in 1263, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1263)
        0.36 = coord(9/25)
    
  5. Crawford, S.Y.; Hurd, J.M.; Weller, A.C.: From print to electronic : the transformation of scientific communication (1997) 0.15
    0.14606163 = sum of:
      0.14606163 = product of:
        0.7303081 = sum of:
          0.025695525 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.025695525 = score(doc=2368,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.061131585 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1315932 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.4203314 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
          0.01716278 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.01716278 = score(doc=2368,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.053470735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2961677 = boost
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.32097518 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
          0.046291407 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.046291407 = score(doc=2368,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13053732 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.025212 = boost
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.35462204 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.782635 = idf(docFreq=2735, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
          0.38888443 = weight(abstract_txt:invisible in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.38888443 = score(doc=2368,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.5394462 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.1169653 = boost
                7.689554 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.7208957 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.689554 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
          0.25227398 = weight(abstract_txt:infrastructure in 2368) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.25227398 = score(doc=2368,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.444934 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3173804 = boost
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017040007 = queryNorm
              0.56699187 = fieldWeight in 2368, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.047913 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2368)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)