Document (#32468)

Author

Block, B.
Hengel, C.
Heuvelmann, R.
Katz, C.
Rusch, B.
Schmidgall, K.
Sigrist, B.

Title

Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken und die Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records : Oder: Wieviel FRBR verträgt MAB?

Source

Bibliotheksdienst. 39(2005) H.10, S.1231-1244

Year

2005

Abstract

Eine konsequente Umsetzung des FRBR-Modells - schreibt OCLC - würde die größte Veränderung in der Katalogisierung seit hundert Jahren bedeuten. Doch gibt es auch andere Stimmen. So hieß es am Rande eines FRBRWorkshops, der 2004 in Der Deutschen Bibliothek stattfand: Das Verhältnis zwischen den FRBR und der Katalogisierungspraxis sei vergleichbar mit der Beziehung zwischen Fußballkommentatoren und der Fußballmannschaft. Die einen theoretisierten nach Spielende das, was die anderen soeben getan hätten. Was hat es mit den Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records nun tatsächlich auf sich? Haben vielleicht beide Stimmen Recht? In welcher Beziehung steht das MAB-Format zu dem vorliegenden Modell? Wie lassen sich die Entitäten mit ihren jeweiligen Attributen in MAB abbilden? Bietet MAB die strukturellen Voraussetzungen, um FRBR-Anwendungen zu unterstützen? Das sind die Fragen, die den MAB-Ausschuss, der seit Beginn diesen Jahres als Expertengruppe Datenformate auftritt, beschäftigten und auf die im Folgenden erste Antworten versucht werden. Die Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, kurz FRBR, sind eine Empfehlung der International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) von 1998 zur Neustrukturierung von Bibliothekskatalogen. Dabei sind die FRBR ausgelegt als ein logisches Denkmodell für bibliographische Beschreibungen. Es handelt sich ausdrücklich nicht um ein umsetzungsreifes Datenmodell oder gar ein praktisches Regelwerk. Das Modell bleibt auf einer abstrakten Ebene. Beschrieben werden abstrakte Entitäten mit ihren Eigenschaften und Beziehungen zueinander.
Zehn Entitäten werden drei Gruppen zugeordnet. Die Entitäten der ersten Gruppe stehen unter der Überschrift Produkte intellektueller und/oder künstlerischer Arbeit, Gruppe zwei für die Produktverantwortlichen und die letzte Gruppe für die Produktinhalte. Wichtig für das Verständnis ist die Unterscheidung zwischen den vier Entitäten der ersten Gruppe: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item. Die abstrakte Einheit Work drückt sich aus in einer Expression, die ihre konkrete, physische Erscheinung in einer oder mehreren Manifestationen findet, von der wiederum zahlreiche Items existieren (können). Frau Tillett nennt zur Illustration ein Beispiel: Von einem Roman (Work) existieren verschiedene Übersetzungen (Expression) als Papierausgabe oder Hörbuch (Manifestation), die in zahlreichen Exemplaren (Item) im Besitz einer Bibliothek sind. Diese Begriffe haben weder in der Terminologie der AACR noch in der der RAK genaue Entsprechungen. Entsprechend verhält es sich mit den Felddefinitionen auf der Formatebene in MAB und MARC 21. Zwei weitere Gruppen von Entitäten spielen im Kontext bibliographischer Veröffentlichungen eine Rolle: Zum einen sind dies Personen (Person) und Körperschaften (Corporate Body): Gruppe-2-Entitäten. Sie sind die Akteure, die ein künstlerisches Werk - bestehend aus Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item - gestalten: es schaffen, dazu beitragen oder daran beteiligt sind. Zum anderen sind dies Begriffe (Concept), Gegenstände (Object), Ereignisse (Event) und Orte (Place): die Gruppe-3-Entitäten. Damit sind alle Einheiten gemeint, die in Werken als deren Gegenstand behandelt werden. Da auch die Entitäten der Gruppen 1 und 2 Gegenstand einer Veröffentlichung sein können, sind sie gleichzeitig auch der Gruppe 3 zuzurechnen. Jede Einheit charakterisiert sich durch Eigenschaften, die mit Hilfe von Attributen beschrieben werden können. Im MAB-Format finden sich diese Attribute in Feldern wieder. Das Verhältnis zwischen den Entitäten ist in dem Modell durch Relationen beschrieben. Für die Entitäten der ersten Gruppe handelt es sich um immanente Relationen (z.B. Relation "is realized by" Beispiel: Work "is realized by" Expression) und um Relationen, die bibliographische Entitäten untereinander in Beziehung setzen (z.B. Teil-Ganzes-Beziehungen). Für Personen und Körperschaften wird mit der Relation ihre Rolle definiert (Verfasser, Übersetzer usw.). Das gilt auch für die Entitäten der dritten Gruppe, deren Rolle mit der Relation "is subject of" beschrieben ist.
Ausgehend von den beschriebenen Entitäten lassen sich interessante Anwendungen aufbauen. In diesem Zusammenhang sei auf den FictionFinder von OCLC, den Red-Light-Green-Opac der Research Library Group und das AustLit-Projekt hingewiesen. Interessant ist in allen Projekten der Versuch der Neustrukturierung von großen Treffermengen sowie im AustLit-Projekt die mehrdimensionale Navigation, die auf den im FRBR-Modell beschriebenen Beziehungen aufsetzt. Es ist kein Zufall, dass die genannten Anwendungen aus dem Bereich der Geisteswissenschaften stammen. So lässt sich am Beispiel des World-Cat-Kataloges exemplarisch nachweisen, dass nur in etwa 20% der vorhandenen Katalogsätze alle vier FRBR-Ebenen beschrieben sind bzw. sich aus vorhandenen Katalogdaten ableiten lassen. Als prominente Beispiele werden gerne genannt die Bibel, der Koran oder Werke aus der Weltliteratur wie Goethes Faust. Für das Gros des beschriebenen Materials hingegen gilt, dass die Ebenen Work, Expression und Manifestation wenig ausgeprägt sind. Man denke hier beispielsweise an Hochschulschriften. Die Diskussion im deutschsprachigen Raum befindet sich erst in den Anfängen, was sich unter anderem daran zeigt, dass es selbst für die Terminologie noch keine gebräuchlichen deutschen Übersetzungen gibt. Weiter fortgeschritten ist die Auseinandersetzung mit dem FRBR-Modell in den USA. Nicht nur, dass die Terminologie ausdrücklich im zukünftigen Regelwerk verankert werden soll, auch liegt eine detaillierte Studie von Tom Delsey vor, der die FRBR-Entitäten mit sämtlichen Attributen auf das MARC21-Format anwendet. Als Annäherung der Expertengruppe Datenformate entstand analog zur MARC-Umsetzung eine entsprechende Tabelle für MAB. Diese Tabelle allerdings hat ausdrücklich Entwurfscharakter und wird zunächst nicht weiter bearbeitet. Daneben entstand ein kleines Programm, das MAB-Daten nach FRBR strukturiert darstellt und damit die verschiedenen Entitäten sichtbar macht.

Footnote

Vgl.: http://www.ddb.de/standardisierung/pdf/frbr_mab.pdf und http://www.ddb.de/standardisierung/pdf/mab_in_frbr.pdf.

Theme

Datenformate
Formalerschließung

Object

FRBR
MAB

Location

D

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3. Menzel, S.; Schnaitter, H.; Zinck, J.; Petras, V.; Neudecker, C.; Labusch, K.; Leitner, E.; Rehm, G.: Named Entity Linking mit Wikidata und GND : das Potenzial handkuratierter und strukturierter Datenquellen für die semantische Anreicherung von Volltexten (2021) 0.34

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4. Lülsdorf, L.: FRBRisierung : Konzeption und Beispiel für eine Realisierung mit MAB2-Daten (2008) 0.31

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5. Becker, H.-G.; Förster, F.: Vernetztes Wissen : Ereignisse in der bibliografischen Dokumentation (2010) 0.31

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