Document (#32685)

Author

Rötzer, A.

Title

¬Die Einteilung der Wissenschaften : Analyse und Typologisierung von Wissenschaftsklassifikationen

Imprint

Passau : Universität / Philosophische Fakultät

Year

2003

Pages

XXVI, 247 S

Abstract

In dem Maße, in dem sich die Wissenschaften partikularisieren und atomisieren, wird es immer schwieriger, Überblick zu gewinnen auch schon über nah verwandte Wissenschaften. Daher wächst die Bedeutung der Klassifizierung hinsichtlich ihrer pragmatischen Funktionen stark an. Zudem sind es heute besonders die Querschnittswissenschaften, die im Zentrum des Forschungsinteresses stehen. Dort werden derzeit die größten Fortschritte gemacht. Man denke dabei nur an die Krebsforschung, die sich im molekularen Bereich in einen Forschungsraum zwischen Chemie und Biologie bewegt. Gerade die Medizin bietet viele Beispiele dieser die Wissenschaftsgrenzen überschreitenden Forschungen: der ganze Bereich der Gentechnik, die Nanotechnik, aber auch die medizinische Informatik und Robotik. Aus diesem Grund sind es nicht nur pragmatische Funktionen, die von einer heutigen Wissenschaftsklassifikation bedient werden müssen, sondern auch epistemologische. Wissenschaftsklassifikationen bieten die Möglichkeit, Zusammenhänge zwischen den Wissenschaften erkennbar machen und eröffnen damit unter Umständen neue Wege der Forschung. Dennoch geriet die Wissenschaftsklassifikation gerade in den letzten Jahren in eine Krise. Die Absage an die Systemhaftigkeit des Ganzen der Wissenschaft, die sich im Zuge der postmodernen Theorie durchgesetzt hat, stellte die Wissenschaftsklassifikation vor Probleme, die sie mit den üblichen Ansätzen nicht lösen konnte. Neue Wege der Klassifikation vor dem Hintergrund der Erkenntnisse dieser neuen Theorieansätze galt es nun zu finden. Jede Zeit findet sich ihre Problemlösungswege, und so hat sich auch für die Wissenschaftsklassifikation der Gegenwart neue Möglichkeiten eröffnet, die sich mit Hilfe der neuen Medien verwirklichen lassen.
Durch die rasche Vermehrung und erhöhte Verschränkung der Wissenschaften stoßen die klassischen zweidimensionalen und hierarchischen Klassifikationen heute an eine Grenze. Die eindeutige Hierarchisierung kann hier nur auf Kosten der potentiell auszubildenden Beziehungen zwischen den zu klassifizierenden Wissenschaften gehen, denn, um die Logik der Hierarchie zu bewahren, muss häufig auf die Logik der inhaltlichen Zusammenhänge verzichten werden. Eine Lösung in Form von mehrdimensionalen Verbindungen und In-Bezug-Setzungen bieten die Darstellungsmöglichkeiten der neuen Medien. Einen Schritt in diese Richtung unternahm ARTUR P. SCHMIDT mit seinem 1999 auch als CD-Rom erschienen 'Wissensnavigator'. Unter Bezugnahme auf Deleuzes und Guattaris 'Rhizom' fordert er eine ungehinderte Vernetzung des Wissens in alle Richtungen. Er sieht sich damit im Einklang mit den Entwicklungen seiner Zeit. Interaktive Benutzung soll diese totale Vernetzung des Wissens generieren, indem der Benutzer der Enzyklopädie durch seine Anfragen bei ihrer Evolution mitwirkt. Die Darstellbarkeit dieser Vernetzung soll mit Hilfe eines sich in einem 4-dimensionalen Raum befindlichen "Hyperkubus" ermöglicht werden, der "in einer Matrix ein neuronales Netzwerk" enthalten soll. Neben diesem wohl noch als utopisch zu bezeichnenden Projekt gibt es derzeit eine Anzahl konservativerer Ansätze der Klassifizierung im Internet, die größte Differenzierungen erlauben, aber auf ungeregelte 'Hyperverlinkung' verzichten. Sollten jedoch Projekte wie die ARTUR P. SCHMIDTS realisiert werden können, so ist damit vielleicht auch Nietzsches Forderung zu erfüllen, die er noch in weiter Ferne vermutete.
Mit Hilfe mehrdimensionaler In-Bezug-Setzungen könnte auch einem wechselseitigen Prozess entgegnet werden, der sich seit gut einem Jahrhundert mehr und mehr dynamisierte: Gleichzeitig mit dem Differenzierungsprozess der Wissenschaften, der besonders in den letzten Jahrzehnten immer rascher fortschreitet und hybride Wissenschaftsbezeichnungen wie 'Physikochemie', 'Biophysik' oder 'Soziobiologie' entstehen ließ, geht ein Integrationsprozess einher, der diese Wissenschaften sich wieder annähern lässt. Diese Gleichzeitigkeit der entgegengesetzten Prozesse von Differenzierung und Integration könnte eine neue Form der Einheit der Wissenschaften schaffen, die eine Entwicklung der Wissenschaften zu einem einheitlichen Ganzes in Gang setzt. Damit könnten die großen Potentiale, die in diesem dialektischen Prozess von Differenzierung und Integration hinsichtlich neuer Forschungsergebnisse verwirklicht werden.

Content

Dissertation zur Erlangung eines Doktorgrades. Vorgelegt an der philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Passau. - Auch unter: http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980197058&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=980197058.pdf

Theme

Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme

Field

Wissenschaftstheorie

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4. Neunzert, H.: ¬Die Zukunft der Mathematik : nicht mehr Königin, aber wichtiger Partner von Wissenschaft und Technik (2002) 0.25

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5. Thesaurus der exakten Wissenschaften : Unter Mitarb. von Charles Auffray u.a (2001) 0.24

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