Document (#35426)

Author
Pepe, A.
Mayernik, M.
Borgman, C.L.
Van de Sompel, H.
Title
From artifacts to aggregations : modeling scientific life cycles on the semantic Web
Source
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 61(2010) no.3, S.567-582
Year
2010
Abstract
In the process of scientific research, many information objects are generated, all of which may remain valuable indefinitely. However, artifacts such as instrument data and associated calibration information may have little value in isolation; their meaning is derived from their relationships to each other. Individual artifacts are best represented as components of a life cycle that is specific to a scientific research domain or project. Current cataloging practices do not describe objects at a sufficient level of granularity nor do they offer the globally persistent identifiers necessary to discover and manage scholarly products with World Wide Web standards. The Open Archives Initiative's Object Reuse and Exchange data model (OAI-ORE) meets these requirements. We demonstrate a conceptual implementation of OAI-ORE to represent the scientific life cycles of embedded networked sensor applications in seismology and environmental sciences. By establishing relationships between publications, data, and contextual research information, we illustrate how to obtain a richer and more realistic view of scientific practices. That view can facilitate new forms of scientific research and learning. Our analysis is framed by studies of scientific practices in a large, multidisciplinary, multi-university science and engineering research center, the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing.

Similar documents (author)

  1. Pepe, A.: ¬The relationship between acquaintanceship and coauthorship in scientific collaboration networks (2011) 1.42
    1.415092 = sum of:
      1.415092 = product of:
        4.245276 = sum of:
          4.245276 = weight(author_txt:pepe in 4917) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            4.245276 = score(doc=4917,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.68575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2369028 = boost
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.055971917 = queryNorm
              6.190705 = fieldWeight in 4917, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4917)
        0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    
  2. Van de Sompel, H.: Thoughts about repositories, use, and re-use (2008) 0.87
    0.865699 = sum of:
      0.865699 = product of:
        2.597097 = sum of:
          2.597097 = weight(author_txt:sompel in 4366) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            2.597097 = score(doc=4366,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.57344794 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1310965 = boost
                9.05783 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44218)
                0.055971917 = queryNorm
              4.528915 = fieldWeight in 4366, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.05783 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44218)
                0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=4366)
        0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    
  3. Malone, L.C.; Driscoll, J.R.; Pepe, J.W.: Modeling the performance of an automated keywording system (1991) 0.85
    0.8490552 = sum of:
      0.8490552 = product of:
        2.5471654 = sum of:
          2.5471654 = weight(author_txt:pepe in 6682) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            2.5471654 = score(doc=6682,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.68575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2369028 = boost
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.055971917 = queryNorm
              3.7144227 = fieldWeight in 6682, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=6682)
        0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    
  4. Malone, L.C.; Wildman-Pepe, J.; Driscoll, J.R.: Evaluation of an automated keywording system (1990) 0.85
    0.8490552 = sum of:
      0.8490552 = product of:
        2.5471654 = sum of:
          2.5471654 = weight(author_txt:pepe in 4999) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            2.5471654 = score(doc=4999,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.68575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2369028 = boost
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.055971917 = queryNorm
              3.7144227 = fieldWeight in 4999, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=4999)
        0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    
  5. Srinivasan, R.; Pepe, A.; Rodriguez, M.A.: ¬A clustering-based semi-automated technique to build cultural ontologies (2009) 0.85
    0.8490552 = sum of:
      0.8490552 = product of:
        2.5471654 = sum of:
          2.5471654 = weight(author_txt:pepe in 2750) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            2.5471654 = score(doc=2750,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.68575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2369028 = boost
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.055971917 = queryNorm
              3.7144227 = fieldWeight in 2750, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
                0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2750)
        0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Mayernik, M.S.: Research data and metadata curation as institutional issues (2016) 0.29
    0.28850138 = sum of:
      0.28850138 = product of:
        0.72125345 = sum of:
          0.11654443 = weight(abstract_txt:sensing in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11654443 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.20242237 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2460709 = boost
                9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.5757488 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.033125695 = weight(abstract_txt:relationships in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.033125695 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.110251404 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3005306 = boost
                4.807296 = idf(docFreq=981, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.300456 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.807296 = idf(docFreq=981, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.043945733 = weight(abstract_txt:data in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043945733 = score(doc=2859,freq=7.0), product of:
              0.07965561 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3538867 = boost
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.55169666 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                  7.0 = termFreq=7.0
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.048495036 = weight(abstract_txt:objects in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.048495036 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14214742 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4767195 = boost
                5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.34116015 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.07022041 = weight(abstract_txt:networked in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07022041 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18193506 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706547 = boost
                6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.38596416 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.0717666 = weight(abstract_txt:center in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0717666 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18459605 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6828278 = boost
                6.2204237 = idf(docFreq=238, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.38877648 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.2204237 = idf(docFreq=238, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.08731574 = weight(abstract_txt:embedded in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08731574 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.21037905 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7965105 = boost
                6.640641 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.41504008 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.640641 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.104340106 = weight(abstract_txt:practices in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.104340106 = score(doc=2859,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.18803196 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0801275 = boost
                5.126004 = idf(docFreq=713, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.55490625 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.126004 = idf(docFreq=713, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.041141465 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041141465 = score(doc=2859,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11987637 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1442 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.34319913 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
          0.104358174 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 2859) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.104358174 = score(doc=2859,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.3597337 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3949413 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.2900984 = fieldWeight in 2859, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2859)
        0.4 = coord(10/25)
    
  2. Moore, R.W.: Management of very large distributed shared collections (2009) 0.13
    0.13409038 = sum of:
      0.13409038 = product of:
        0.6704519 = sum of:
          0.112449825 = weight(abstract_txt:persistent in 3845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.112449825 = score(doc=3845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13610622 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0217685 = boost
                7.5537524 = idf(docFreq=62, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.82619166 = fieldWeight in 3845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.5537524 = idf(docFreq=62, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3845)
          0.24188837 = weight(abstract_txt:sensor in 3845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.24188837 = score(doc=3845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22680299 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.318979 = boost
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              1.0665132 = fieldWeight in 3845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3845)
          0.091919094 = weight(abstract_txt:data in 3845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.091919094 = score(doc=3845,freq=10.0), product of:
              0.07965561 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3538867 = boost
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              1.1539563 = fieldWeight in 3845, product of:
                3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                  10.0 = termFreq=10.0
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3845)
          0.041567817 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 3845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041567817 = score(doc=3845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11987637 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1442 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.3467557 = fieldWeight in 3845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3845)
          0.1826268 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 3845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1826268 = score(doc=3845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.3597337 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3949413 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.5076722 = fieldWeight in 3845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3845)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  3. Rajabi, E.; Sicilia, M.-A.; Sanchez-Alonso, S.: Research objects interlinking : the case of Dryad repository (2014) 0.12
    0.119509876 = sum of:
      0.119509876 = product of:
        0.5975494 = sum of:
          0.050857306 = weight(abstract_txt:data in 1567) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.050857306 = score(doc=1567,freq=6.0), product of:
              0.07965561 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3538867 = boost
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.6384648 = fieldWeight in 1567, product of:
                2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                  6.0 = termFreq=6.0
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1567)
          0.08572792 = weight(abstract_txt:objects in 1567) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08572792 = score(doc=1567,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.14214742 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4767195 = boost
                5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.60309166 = fieldWeight in 1567, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1567)
          0.07272853 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 1567) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07272853 = score(doc=1567,freq=6.0), product of:
              0.11987637 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1442 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.6066961 = fieldWeight in 1567, product of:
                2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                  6.0 = termFreq=6.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1567)
          0.20375468 = weight(abstract_txt:artifacts in 1567) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.20375468 = score(doc=1567,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.36512056 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8986266 = boost
                7.14301 = idf(docFreq=94, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.55804765 = fieldWeight in 1567, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.14301 = idf(docFreq=94, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1567)
          0.18448094 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 1567) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.18448094 = score(doc=1567,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.3597337 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3949413 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.5128264 = fieldWeight in 1567, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1567)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  4. Borgman, C.L.; Wofford, M.F.; Golshan, M.S.; Darch, P.T.: Collaborative qualitative research at scale : reflections on 20 years of acquiring global data and making data global (2021) 0.11
    0.11299628 = sum of:
      0.11299628 = product of:
        0.47081783 = sum of:
          0.13822193 = weight(abstract_txt:sensor in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13822193 = score(doc=239,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22680299 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.318979 = boost
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.6094361 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
          0.055088896 = weight(abstract_txt:data in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.055088896 = score(doc=239,freq=11.0), product of:
              0.07965561 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3538867 = boost
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.6915884 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                  11.0 = termFreq=11.0
                3.3363478 = idf(docFreq=4274, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
          0.0717666 = weight(abstract_txt:center in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0717666 = score(doc=239,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18459605 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6828278 = boost
                6.2204237 = idf(docFreq=238, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.38877648 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.2204237 = idf(docFreq=238, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
          0.060240787 = weight(abstract_txt:practices in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.060240787 = score(doc=239,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18803196 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0801275 = boost
                5.126004 = idf(docFreq=713, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.32037526 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.126004 = idf(docFreq=713, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
          0.041141465 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041141465 = score(doc=239,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11987637 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1442 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.34319913 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
          0.104358174 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 239) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.104358174 = score(doc=239,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.3597337 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3949413 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.2900984 = fieldWeight in 239, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=239)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  5. Coleman, A.S.: Scientific models as works (2002) 0.11
    0.11217812 = sum of:
      0.11217812 = product of:
        0.7011132 = sum of:
          0.057969965 = weight(abstract_txt:relationships in 5113) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.057969965 = score(doc=5113,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.110251404 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3005306 = boost
                4.807296 = idf(docFreq=981, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.52579796 = fieldWeight in 5113, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.807296 = idf(docFreq=981, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5113)
          0.041567817 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 5113) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041567817 = score(doc=5113,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11987637 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.1442 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.3467557 = fieldWeight in 5113, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5113)
          0.28525656 = weight(abstract_txt:artifacts in 5113) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.28525656 = score(doc=5113,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.36512056 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8986266 = boost
                7.14301 = idf(docFreq=94, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.78126675 = fieldWeight in 5113, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.14301 = idf(docFreq=94, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5113)
          0.31631887 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 5113) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.31631887 = score(doc=5113,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.3597337 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.3949413 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017634483 = queryNorm
              0.87931395 = fieldWeight in 5113, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5113)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)