Document (#40707)

Author
Schank, R.C.
Childers, P.G.
Title
¬Die Zukunft der künstlichen Intelligenz : Chancen und Risiken
Issue
Aus dem Amerikanischen von Sascha Mantscheff.
Imprint
Köln : DuMont
Year
1986
Pages
274 S
Isbn
3-7701-1830-8
Abstract
Dieses Buch handelt vom Wesen der menschlichen Intelligenz und davon, was es bedeuten würde, über 'Maschinen-Intelligenz' zu verfügen. Schon immer war es Ziel und Wunschtraum genialer Denker und Erfinder, die 'denkende Maschine' als Hilfsapparat für den Menschen zu konstruieren. Erst in unserer Zeit nähern wir uns mit Unterstützung des Computers der Verwirklichung der in der Tat hochfliegenden Pläne. Die Öffentlichkeit hat die Künstliche Intelligenz entdeckt, ist aber nicht ganz sicher, was das eigentlich ist. Schließlich müssen wir die Frage, was Computer können, parallel zu der Frage betrachten, WAS MENSCHEN KÖNNEN. Es fällt daher bis heute selbst den Fachleuten außerordentlich schwer, den Computer-Maschinen das Denken beizubringen.
Footnote
Originaltitel: The cognitive computer
Field
Informatik
Kognitionswissenschaft
RSWK
Künstliche Intelligenz / Einführung
Computer / Intelligenz / Künstliche Intelligenz (SBPK)
BK
54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft
SBB
Mat T 1091 / Künstliche Intelligenz
GHBS
TUD (PB)
TZH (HA)
TTK (HA)
RVK
ST 285
ST 300

Similar documents (author)

  1. Schank, R.C.: Computer, elementare Aktionen und linguistische Theorien (1977) 2.15 
    2.147865 = sum of:
  2.147865 = product of:
    4.29573 = sum of:
      4.29573 = weight(author_txt:schank in 6139) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.29573 = score(doc=6139,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.7157789 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0124184 = boost
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.07362763 = queryNorm
          6.0014763 = fieldWeight in 6139, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6139)
    0.5 = coord(1/2)
  2. Schank, R.C.: Conceptual information processing (1975) 2.15 
    2.147865 = sum of:
  2.147865 = product of:
    4.29573 = sum of:
      4.29573 = weight(author_txt:schank in 5381) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.29573 = score(doc=5381,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.7157789 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0124184 = boost
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.07362763 = queryNorm
          6.0014763 = fieldWeight in 5381, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5381)
    0.5 = coord(1/2)
  3. Schank, K.: "Reimagining the library for the future" : die Neukonzeption der New York Public Library (NYPL) im Kontext der Bibliothekenkrise in den USA (2013) 2.15 
    2.147865 = sum of:
  2.147865 = product of:
    4.29573 = sum of:
      4.29573 = weight(author_txt:schank in 4453) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.29573 = score(doc=4453,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.7157789 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0124184 = boost
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.07362763 = queryNorm
          6.0014763 = fieldWeight in 4453, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            9.602362 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43556)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4453)
    0.5 = coord(1/2)
  4. Childers, T.: Information and referral : public libraries (1983) 2.07 
    2.0697927 = sum of:
  2.0697927 = product of:
    4.1395855 = sum of:
      4.1395855 = weight(author_txt:childers in 3795) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.1395855 = score(doc=3795,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.698327 = queryWeight, product of:
            9.484578 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=43556)
            0.07362763 = queryNorm
          5.927861 = fieldWeight in 3795, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            9.484578 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=43556)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3795)
    0.5 = coord(1/2)
  5. Childers, T.: ¬The quality of reference services : still moot after 20 years (1987) 2.07 
    2.0697927 = sum of:
  2.0697927 = product of:
    4.1395855 = sum of:
      4.1395855 = weight(author_txt:childers in 4620) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.1395855 = score(doc=4620,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.698327 = queryWeight, product of:
            9.484578 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=43556)
            0.07362763 = queryNorm
          5.927861 = fieldWeight in 4620, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            9.484578 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=43556)
            0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4620)
    0.5 = coord(1/2)

Similar documents (content)

  1. Vowinkel, B.: Maschinen mit Bewusstsein : wohin führt die künstliche Intelligenz? (2006) 0.32 
    0.3226038 = sum of:
  0.3226038 = product of:
    1.1521564 = sum of:
      0.028698824 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028698824 = score(doc=794,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.08237844 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1879553 = boost
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.34837785 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.072130375 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.072130375 = score(doc=794,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.1208666 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.4389524 = boost
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5967767 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.057966862 = weight(abstract_txt:menschen in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.057966862 = score(doc=794,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.13163075 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.5016613 = boost
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.4403748 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.0551746 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.0551746 = score(doc=794,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.11572239 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.7244382 = boost
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.47678414 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.12525414 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.12525414 = score(doc=794,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.22000483 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.9413748 = boost
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5693245 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.27128232 = weight(abstract_txt:künstliche in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.27128232 = score(doc=794,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.33461 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9322999 = boost
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.81074184 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
      0.54164916 = weight(abstract_txt:intelligenz in 794) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.54164916 = score(doc=794,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.6147499 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.071228 = boost
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.8810887 = fieldWeight in 794, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=794)
    0.28 = coord(7/25)
  2. Shanahan, M.: ¬ Die technologische Singularität (2021) 0.29 
    0.29049346 = sum of:
  0.29049346 = product of:
    1.2103895 = sum of:
      0.08427162 = weight(abstract_txt:verfügen in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.08427162 = score(doc=2483,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.11873011 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0084602 = boost
            7.570929 = idf(docFreq=60, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.7097746 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.570929 = idf(docFreq=60, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
      0.03443859 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.03443859 = score(doc=2483,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.08237844 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1879553 = boost
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.41805345 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
      0.061204653 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.061204653 = score(doc=2483,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.1208666 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.4389524 = boost
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.50638187 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
      0.15030496 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.15030496 = score(doc=2483,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.22000483 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.9413748 = boost
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.6831894 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
      0.23019068 = weight(abstract_txt:künstliche in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.23019068 = score(doc=2483,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.33461 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9322999 = boost
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.68793726 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
      0.649979 = weight(abstract_txt:intelligenz in 2483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.649979 = score(doc=2483,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.6147499 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.071228 = boost
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          1.0573064 = fieldWeight in 2483, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2483)
    0.24 = coord(6/25)
  3. ¬Die maschinelle Kunst des Denkens : Perspektiven und Grenzen der Künstlichen Intelligenz (1994) 0.24 
    0.23742357 = sum of:
  0.23742357 = product of:
    1.1871178 = sum of:
      0.0915505 = weight(abstract_txt:konstruieren in 287) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.0915505 = score(doc=287,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.16441496 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1867219 = boost
            8.909214 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5568259 = fieldWeight in 287, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            8.909214 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=287)
      0.04637349 = weight(abstract_txt:menschen in 287) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.04637349 = score(doc=287,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.13163075 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.5016613 = boost
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.35229984 = fieldWeight in 287, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=287)
      0.04413968 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 287) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.04413968 = score(doc=287,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.11572239 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.7244382 = boost
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.38142732 = fieldWeight in 287, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=287)
      0.34314802 = weight(abstract_txt:künstliche in 287) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.34314802 = score(doc=287,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.33461 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9322999 = boost
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          1.0255164 = fieldWeight in 287, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=287)
      0.6619062 = weight(abstract_txt:intelligenz in 287) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.6619062 = score(doc=287,freq=7.0), product of:
          0.6147499 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.071228 = boost
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          1.0767081 = fieldWeight in 287, product of:
            2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
              7.0 = termFreq=7.0
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=287)
    0.2 = coord(5/25)
  4. Calvin, W.H.: Wie das Gehirn denkt : die Evolution der Intelligenz (1998) 0.23 
    0.22716467 = sum of:
  0.22716467 = product of:
    1.1358234 = sum of:
      0.06847371 = weight(abstract_txt:maschine in 993) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06847371 = score(doc=993,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.11674637 = queryWeight, product of:
            7.5074153 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5865168 = fieldWeight in 993, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.5074153 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=993)
      0.05100388 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 993) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.05100388 = score(doc=993,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.1208666 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.4389524 = boost
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.4219849 = fieldWeight in 993, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=993)
      0.12525414 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 993) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.12525414 = score(doc=993,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.22000483 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.9413748 = boost
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5693245 = fieldWeight in 993, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=993)
      0.19182557 = weight(abstract_txt:künstliche in 993) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.19182557 = score(doc=993,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.33461 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9322999 = boost
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.57328105 = fieldWeight in 993, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=993)
      0.6992661 = weight(abstract_txt:intelligenz in 993) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.6992661 = score(doc=993,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.6147499 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.071228 = boost
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          1.1374806 = fieldWeight in 993, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=993)
    0.2 = coord(5/25)
  5. Günther, G.: ¬Das Bewußtsein der Maschinen : Sammlung ; eine Metaphysik der Kybernetik (2002) 0.19 
    0.18668382 = sum of:
  0.18668382 = product of:
    0.6667279 = sum of:
      0.014349412 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.014349412 = score(doc=2761,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.08237844 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1879553 = boost
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.17418893 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4592366 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.02550194 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.02550194 = score(doc=2761,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.1208666 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.4389524 = boost
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.21099246 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.401407 = idf(docFreq=533, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.028983431 = weight(abstract_txt:menschen in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.028983431 = score(doc=2761,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.13163075 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.5016613 = boost
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.2201874 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.6367974 = idf(docFreq=421, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.019507168 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.019507168 = score(doc=2761,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.11572239 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.7244382 = boost
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.16856866 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.3153577 = idf(docFreq=1581, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.06262707 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.06262707 = score(doc=2761,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.22000483 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.9413748 = boost
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.28466225 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.2873535 = idf(docFreq=80, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.16612582 = weight(abstract_txt:künstliche in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.16612582 = score(doc=2761,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.33461 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.9322999 = boost
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.49647596 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            7.3379974 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
      0.34963304 = weight(abstract_txt:intelligenz in 2761) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.34963304 = score(doc=2761,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.6147499 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.071228 = boost
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.015550808 = queryNorm
          0.5687403 = fieldWeight in 2761, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            6.5113187 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=43556)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2761)
    0.28 = coord(7/25)