Document (#41285)

Author
Korman, D.Z.
Mack, E.
Jett, J.
Renear, A.H.
Title
Defining textual entailment
Source
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 69(2018) no.6, S.763-772
Year
2018
Abstract
Textual entailment is a relationship that obtains between fragments of text when one fragment in some sense implies the other fragment. The automation of textual entailment recognition supports a wide variety of text-based tasks, including information retrieval, information extraction, question answering, text summarization, and machine translation. Much ingenuity has been devoted to developing algorithms for identifying textual entailments, but relatively little to saying what textual entailment actually is. This article is a review of the logical and philosophical issues involved in providing an adequate definition of textual entailment. We show that many natural definitions of textual entailment are refuted by counterexamples, including the most widely cited definition of Dagan et al. We then articulate and defend the following revised definition: T textually entails H?=?df typically, a human reading T would be justified in inferring the proposition expressed by H from the proposition expressed by T. We also show that textual entailment is context-sensitive, nontransitive, and nonmonotonic.
Content
Vgl.: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24007.
Theme
Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

  1. Mack, R.: Zur Anwendung der BBK in der Bibliothek der Technischen Hochschule für Chemie "Carl Schorlemmer" Leuna-Merseburg (1972) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:mack in 7367) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 7367, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7367)
    
  2. Mack, R.: ¬Das Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe - Dienstleister für Forschung und Entwicklung : Online-Datenbanken - moderne Werkzeuge zur Informationsbeschaffung (1994) 5.87
    5.871439 = sum of:
      5.871439 = weight(author_txt:mack in 640) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.871439 = fieldWeight in 640, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=640)
    
  3. Carroll, J.M.; Mack, R.L.: Metaphor, computing systems and active learning (1985) 4.70
    4.697151 = sum of:
      4.697151 = weight(author_txt:mack in 6506) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.697151 = fieldWeight in 6506, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=6506)
    
  4. Schultheiß, G.F.; Mack, R.: Recherchieren im Multimedia-Zeitalter : einer der global player unter den Datenbnakanbietern (1995) 4.70
    4.697151 = sum of:
      4.697151 = weight(author_txt:mack in 6550) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.697151 = fieldWeight in 6550, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=6550)
    
  5. Lackes, R.; Mack, D.: Computer Based Training on neural nets : Basics, development, and practice (1998) 4.70
    4.697151 = sum of:
      4.697151 = weight(author_txt:mack in 964) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        4.697151 = fieldWeight in 964, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.394302 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44218)
          0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=964)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Bruza, P.D.; Huibers, T.W.C.: ¬A study of aboutness in information retrieval (1996) 0.16
    0.15719792 = sum of:
      0.15719792 = product of:
        0.9824871 = sum of:
          0.10918884 = weight(abstract_txt:nonmonotonic in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10918884 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11944248 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.453969 = boost
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.9141542 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
          0.05623965 = weight(abstract_txt:expressed in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.05623965 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.09669672 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.850106 = boost
                6.203826 = idf(docFreq=242, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.58160865 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.203826 = idf(docFreq=242, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
          0.083709 = weight(abstract_txt:definition in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.083709 = score(doc=7705,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.1145298 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.4660146 = boost
                5.512738 = idf(docFreq=484, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.7308927 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.512738 = idf(docFreq=484, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
          0.73334956 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.73334956 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.8133548 = queryWeight, product of:
                10.038406 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.9016355 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  2. Radford, A.; Narasimhan, K.; Salimans, T.; Sutskever, I.: Improving language understanding by Generative Pre-Training 0.15
    0.14510001 = sum of:
      0.14510001 = product of:
        0.90687513 = sum of:
          0.0044313413 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0044313413 = score(doc=870,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.021158654 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0599378 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.20943399 = fieldWeight in 870, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=870)
          0.022027705 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.022027705 = score(doc=870,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.061627906 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8089437 = boost
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.3574307 = fieldWeight in 870, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=870)
          0.1890075 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1890075 = score(doc=870,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.35818458 = queryWeight, product of:
                7.1215444 = boost
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.5276819 = fieldWeight in 870, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=870)
          0.6914086 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.6914086 = score(doc=870,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.8133548 = queryWeight, product of:
                10.038406 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.8500701 = fieldWeight in 870, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=870)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  3. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.: Towards maximal unification of semantically diverse ontologies for controversial domains (2014) 0.10
    0.100610115 = sum of:
      0.100610115 = product of:
        0.50305057 = sum of:
          0.004700147 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.004700147 = score(doc=1634,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.021158654 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0599378 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.22213829 = fieldWeight in 1634, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1634)
          0.02136664 = weight(abstract_txt:summarization in 1634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02136664 = score(doc=1634,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06390735 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0635334 = boost
                7.132539 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.33433777 = fieldWeight in 1634, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.132539 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1634)
          0.010072595 = weight(abstract_txt:show in 1634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.010072595 = score(doc=1634,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.048771292 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.313932 = boost
                4.4059124 = idf(docFreq=1466, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.20652714 = fieldWeight in 1634, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.4059124 = idf(docFreq=1466, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1634)
          0.10023638 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 1634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10023638 = score(doc=1634,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.35818458 = queryWeight, product of:
                7.1215444 = boost
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.2798456 = fieldWeight in 1634, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1634)
          0.36667478 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 1634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.36667478 = score(doc=1634,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.8133548 = queryWeight, product of:
                10.038406 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.45081776 = fieldWeight in 1634, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1634)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  4. Lin, W.-C.; Chang, Y.-C.; Chen, H.-H.: Integrating textual and visual information for cross-language image retrieval : a trans-media dictionary approach (2007) 0.08
    0.07943679 = sum of:
      0.07943679 = product of:
        0.49647993 = sum of:
          0.004700147 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.004700147 = score(doc=904,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.021158654 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0599378 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.22213829 = fieldWeight in 904, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=904)
          0.02014519 = weight(abstract_txt:show in 904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02014519 = score(doc=904,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.048771292 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.313932 = boost
                4.4059124 = idf(docFreq=1466, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.4130543 = fieldWeight in 904, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.4059124 = idf(docFreq=1466, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=904)
          0.023363909 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.023363909 = score(doc=904,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.061627906 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8089437 = boost
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.37911248 = fieldWeight in 904, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=904)
          0.44827068 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.44827068 = score(doc=904,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.35818458 = queryWeight, product of:
                7.1215444 = boost
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              1.2515075 = fieldWeight in 904, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=904)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  5. Shree, P.: ¬The journey of Open AI GPT models (2020) 0.08
    0.0765749 = sum of:
      0.0765749 = product of:
        0.63812417 = sum of:
          0.01557594 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 869) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.01557594 = score(doc=869,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.061627906 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8089437 = boost
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.25274166 = fieldWeight in 869, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=869)
          0.1336485 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 869) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1336485 = score(doc=869,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.35818458 = queryWeight, product of:
                7.1215444 = boost
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.37312746 = fieldWeight in 869, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=869)
          0.48889974 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 869) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.48889974 = score(doc=869,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.8133548 = queryWeight, product of:
                10.038406 = boost
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.008424721 = queryNorm
              0.6010904 = fieldWeight in 869, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=869)
        0.12 = coord(3/25)