Document (#41568)

Author

Riebe, U.

Title

John R. Searles Position zum Leib-Seele-Problem

Imprint

Konstanz : Fachbebreich Philosophie / Kunst- und Medienwissenschaft / Informatik

Year

2008

Pages

72 S

Abstract

Wenig ist heute für den gebildeten Bürger interessanter, als die aktuellen Erkenntnisse der Neurowissenschaften zu verfolgen. Letztere ermöglichen durch bildgebende Verfahren wie z. B. EEG, fMRT oder MEG, dem Menschen "beim Denken zuzusehen". So heißt es zumindest in den Medien. Aktuelle Forschungsberichte zeigen eine Näherung an diese Sichtweise. Kalifornischen Forschern ist es durch eine Hirnmessung jüngst gelungen, mit groer Wahrscheinlichkeit zu erkennen, welches Bild eine Versuchsperson gerade betrachtet. Dazu wurden der Versuchsperson erst 1.750 Bilder mit Naturmotiven gezeigt und die jeweilige Stimulation im Hirn per fMRT gemessen. Geachtet wurde speziell auf visuelle Areale, die in eine dreidimensionale Matrix transformiert wurden. Die einzelnen Segmente heissen Voxel (analog zu zweidimensionalen Pixeln). So entstand eine Datenbank aus Voxel-Aktivitätsmustern. Im folgenden Durchlauf wurden der Versuchsperson 120 neue Bilder gezeigt und anhand der Datenbank die wahrscheinliche Voxel-Aktivität berechnet. Vorausgesagt wurde dann das Bild, dessen tatsächliches Voxel-Muster mit dem berechneten am meisten übereinstimmte. Bei Versuchsperson A wurde eine Trefferquote von 92% erreicht, bei Versuchsperson B immerhin 72%. Die Forscher folgern optimistisch, dass es über ihren Ansatz möglich sein wird, gesehene Bildeindrücke über Hirnmessungen zu rekonstruieren. Hier wird versucht auf Kants Frage "Was ist der Mensch?" auf materialistische Weise näher zu kommen. Im Bezug auf frühere Experimente von Benjamin Libet schließen heutzutage einige Hirnforscher, dass das bewusste Erleben eines Menschen nur Beiwerk von deterministisch ablaufenden Hirnprozessen ist, weil das Erleben neuronaler Aktivität zeitlich hinterherhinkt. Auch wird gefolgert, dass empfundene Willensfreiheit nur eine Illusion ist, obwohl Libet diese harte Schlussfolgerung nicht zieht. Die Ergebnisse solcher Studien sind zwar hochinteressant, doch muss man bei der Interpretation auch hohe Sorgfalt walten lassen, insbesondere wenn es um das Thema Bewusstsein geht. Von philosophischer Seite her hat sich John Searle intensiv mit dem Thema auseinandergesetzt und eine Theorie entwickelt, die alle bisherigen philosophischen Modelle verwirft.

Content

Vgl.: https://d-nb.info/1079846980/34.

Field

Kognitionswissenschaft
Philosophie

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