Document (#42606)

Author
Gayathri, R.
Uma, V.
Title
Ontology based knowledge representation technique, domain modeling languages and planners for robotic path planning : a survey
Source
ICT express. 4(2018), no.2, S.69-74 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405959518300985]
Year
2018
Abstract
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR & R) has become one of the promising fields of Artificial Intelligence. KR is dedicated towards representing information about the domain that can be utilized in path planning. Ontology based knowledge representation and reasoning techniques provide sophisticated knowledge about the environment for processing tasks or methods. Ontology helps in representing the knowledge about environment, events and actions that help in path planning and making robots more autonomous. Knowledge reasoning techniques can infer new conclusion and thus aids planning dynamically in a non-deterministic environment. In the initial sections, the representation of knowledge using ontology and the techniques for reasoning that could contribute in path planning are discussed in detail. In the following section, we also provide comparison of various planning domain modeling languages, ontology editors, planners and robot simulation tools.
Content
Part of special issue: SI on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Vgl.: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2018.04.008.
Theme
Wissensrepräsentation

Similar documents (content)

  1. Urs, S.R.; Angrosh, M.A.: Ontology-based knowledge organization systems in digital libraries : a comparison of experiments in OWL and KAON ontologies (2006 (?)) 0.20
    0.19914566 = sum of:
      0.19914566 = product of:
        0.6223302 = sum of:
          0.004408267 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.004408267 = score(doc=2799,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.034019478 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.01066 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.12958068 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.030849611 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.030849611 = score(doc=2799,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1087306 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4752702 = boost
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.2837252 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.06793215 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06793215 = score(doc=2799,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.14606929 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7099173 = boost
                6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.465068 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.033007756 = weight(abstract_txt:environment in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.033007756 = score(doc=2799,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13020462 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9772177 = boost
                4.635553 = idf(docFreq=1165, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.2535068 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.635553 = idf(docFreq=1165, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.060952947 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.060952947 = score(doc=2799,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.13588509 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0198874 = boost
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.44856244 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.118098475 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.118098475 = score(doc=2799,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.1960506 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8015265 = boost
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.6023877 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.098071165 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.098071165 = score(doc=2799,freq=8.0), product of:
              0.17845918 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5358932 = boost
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.549544 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                  8.0 = termFreq=8.0
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
          0.20900981 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 2799) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.20900981 = score(doc=2799,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.30899617 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.93226 = boost
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.67641556 = fieldWeight in 2799, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2799)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  2. Koubarakis, M.: Database models for infinite and indefinite temporal information (1994) 0.19
    0.19239302 = sum of:
      0.19239302 = product of:
        0.8016376 = sum of:
          0.061699223 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.061699223 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1087306 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4752702 = boost
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.5674504 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
          0.039957244 = weight(abstract_txt:about in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.039957244 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.093166426 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6725188 = boost
                3.9211915 = idf(docFreq=2381, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.4288803 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.9211915 = idf(docFreq=2381, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
          0.061601702 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.061601702 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.124334276 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9321316 = boost
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.49545228 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
          0.10563049 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10563049 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1960506 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8015265 = boost
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.53879195 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
          0.22934556 = weight(abstract_txt:reasoning in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.22934556 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.32872713 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.6276755 = boost
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.6976776 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
          0.30340338 = weight(abstract_txt:planning in 8404) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.30340338 = score(doc=8404,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.45347428 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.2183433 = boost
                6.1171575 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.6690641 = fieldWeight in 8404, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.1171575 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44218)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=8404)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  3. Benson, A.C.: OntoPhoto and the role of ontology in organizing knowledge (2011) 0.18
    0.18249401 = sum of:
      0.18249401 = product of:
        0.65176433 = sum of:
          0.010907631 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.010907631 = score(doc=4556,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.034019478 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.01066 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.320629 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.02047311 = weight(abstract_txt:provide in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02047311 = score(doc=4556,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06521886 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1425686 = boost
                4.0180984 = idf(docFreq=2161, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.31391394 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.0180984 = idf(docFreq=2161, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.044001218 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.044001218 = score(doc=4556,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.124334276 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9321316 = boost
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.3538945 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.075450346 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.075450346 = score(doc=4556,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1960506 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8015265 = boost
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.3848514 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.070050836 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.070050836 = score(doc=4556,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.17845918 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5358932 = boost
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.39253142 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.16381826 = weight(abstract_txt:reasoning in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.16381826 = score(doc=4556,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.32872713 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.6276755 = boost
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.49834117 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
          0.26706293 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 4556) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.26706293 = score(doc=4556,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.30899617 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.93226 = boost
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.8642921 = fieldWeight in 4556, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4556)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  4. Mainzer, K.: ¬The emergence of self-conscious systems : from symbolic AI to embodied robotics (2014) 0.18
    0.1782748 = sum of:
      0.1782748 = product of:
        0.55710876 = sum of:
          0.0050380193 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0050380193 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.034019478 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.01066 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.1480922 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.05116568 = weight(abstract_txt:representing in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.05116568 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13937232 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6702594 = boost
                5.8738413 = idf(docFreq=337, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.36711508 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.8738413 = idf(docFreq=337, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.022832712 = weight(abstract_txt:about in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.022832712 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.093166426 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6725188 = boost
                3.9211915 = idf(docFreq=2381, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.24507447 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.9211915 = idf(docFreq=2381, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.040218517 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.040218517 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13588509 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0198874 = boost
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.29597446 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.12072056 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12072056 = score(doc=3398,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.1960506 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8015265 = boost
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.61576223 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.07925347 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07925347 = score(doc=3398,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.17845918 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5358932 = boost
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.4440986 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.13105461 = weight(abstract_txt:reasoning in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13105461 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.32872713 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.6276755 = boost
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.39867294 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.378767 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
          0.10682518 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 3398) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10682518 = score(doc=3398,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.30899617 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.93226 = boost
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.34571683 = fieldWeight in 3398, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3398)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  5. Das, S.; Naskar, D.; Roy, S.: Reorganizing educational institutional domain using faceted ontological principles (2022) 0.18
    0.17808487 = sum of:
      0.17808487 = product of:
        0.5565152 = sum of:
          0.004408267 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.004408267 = score(doc=1098,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.034019478 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.01066 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.12958068 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.014331176 = weight(abstract_txt:provide in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.014331176 = score(doc=1098,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06521886 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1425686 = boost
                4.0180984 = idf(docFreq=2161, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.21973975 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.0180984 = idf(docFreq=2161, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.030849611 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.030849611 = score(doc=1098,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1087306 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4752702 = boost
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.2837252 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.030800851 = weight(abstract_txt:techniques in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.030800851 = score(doc=1098,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.124334276 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9321316 = boost
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.24772614 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.5298495 = idf(docFreq=1295, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.078689925 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.078689925 = score(doc=1098,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.13588509 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0198874 = boost
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.57909167 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.052815244 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.052815244 = score(doc=1098,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.1960506 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.8015265 = boost
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.26939598 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.926098 = idf(docFreq=871, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.049035583 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049035583 = score(doc=1098,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.17845918 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.5358932 = boost
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.274772 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.5527887 = idf(docFreq=3442, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
          0.29558453 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 1098) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.29558453 = score(doc=1098,freq=10.0), product of:
              0.30899617 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.93226 = boost
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.014205953 = queryNorm
              0.9565961 = fieldWeight in 1098, product of:
                3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                  10.0 = termFreq=10.0
                5.5314693 = idf(docFreq=475, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1098)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)