Document (#43596)

Author

Hjoerland, B.

Title

Science, Part I : basic conceptions of science and the scientific method

Source

Knowledge organization. 48(2021) no.7/8, S.473-498

Year

2021

Series

Reviews of concepts in knowledge organziation

Abstract

This article is the first in a trilogy about the concept "science". Section 1 considers the historical development of the meaning of the term science and shows its close relation to the terms "knowl­edge" and "philosophy". Section 2 presents four historic phases in the basic conceptualizations of science (1) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on deductive proof; (2) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on "the scientific method"; (3) science as representing fallible knowl­edge based on "the scientific method"; (4) science without a belief in "the scientific method" as constitutive, hence the question about the nature of science becomes dramatic. Section 3 presents four basic understandings of the scientific method: Rationalism, which gives priority to a priori thinking; empiricism, which gives priority to the collection, description, and processing of data in a neutral way; historicism, which gives priority to the interpretation of data in the light of "paradigm" and pragmatism, which emphasizes the analysis of the purposes, consequences, and the interests of knowl­edge. The second article in the trilogy focus on different fields studying science, while the final article presets further developments in the concept of science and the general conclusion. Overall, the trilogy illuminates the most important tensions in different conceptualizations of science and argues for the role of information science and knowl­edge organization in the study of science and suggests how "science" should be understood as an object of research in these fields.

Content

Vgl.: doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2021-7-8-473.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Special issue on 'Science and knowledge organization' mit längeren Überblicken zu wichtigen Begriffen der Wissensorgansiation.

Similar documents (author)

1. Hjoerland, B.: ¬The concept of 'subject' in information science (1992) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 2247) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 2247, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2247)
   

2. Hjoerland, B.: Subject representation and information seeking : contributions to a theory based on the theory of knowledge (1993) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 7555) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 7555, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7555)
   

3. Hjoerland, B.: Theory of information science : Reply to Professor Gernot Wersig (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 403, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=403)
   

4. Hjoerland, B.: Information retrieval, text composition, and semantics (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 649) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 649, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=649)
   

5. Hjoerland, B.: ¬The classification of psychology : a case study in the classification of a knowledge field (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 3783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 3783, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3783)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Hjoerland, B.: Education in knowledge organization (KO) (2023) 0.21

   0.2123938 = sum of:
     0.2123938 = product of:
       1.061969 = sum of:
         0.01259763 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 1124) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01259763 = score(doc=1124,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.044708014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1481695 = boost
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.28177565 = fieldWeight in 1124, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1124)
         0.021404551 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 1124) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021404551 = score(doc=1124,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06365955 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3700774 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.33623472 = fieldWeight in 1124, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1124)
         0.015755408 = weight(abstract_txt:which in 1124) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015755408 = score(doc=1124,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.04989937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4006519 = boost
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.31574363 = fieldWeight in 1124, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1124)
         0.11916507 = weight(abstract_txt:section in 1124) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11916507 = score(doc=1124,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15871409 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1633215 = boost
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.750816 = fieldWeight in 1124, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1124)
         0.8930464 = weight(abstract_txt:knowl­edge in 1124) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.8930464 = score(doc=1124,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.710895 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4748697 = boost
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             1.2562282 = fieldWeight in 1124, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1124)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Petrovich, E.: Science mapping and science maps (2021) 0.18

   0.17844144 = sum of:
     0.17844144 = product of:
       0.89220715 = sum of:
         0.0155887725 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0155887725 = score(doc=595,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.044708014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1481695 = boost
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.3486796 = fieldWeight in 595, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=595)
         0.020425882 = weight(abstract_txt:fields in 595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020425882 = score(doc=595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.074237086 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2080312 = boost
               5.0312033 = idf(docFreq=784, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.27514392 = fieldWeight in 595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0312033 = idf(docFreq=784, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=595)
         0.04009602 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04009602 = score(doc=595,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15796027 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7861958 = boost
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.2538361 = fieldWeight in 595, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=595)
         0.49421057 = weight(abstract_txt:knowl­edge in 595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.49421057 = score(doc=595,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.710895 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4748697 = boost
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.6951949 = fieldWeight in 595, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=595)
         0.3218859 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 595) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3218859 = score(doc=595,freq=19.0), product of:
             0.34974146 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.416282 = boost
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.9203539 = fieldWeight in 595, product of:
               4.358899 = tf(freq=19.0), with freq of:
                 19.0 = termFreq=19.0
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=595)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

3. Amirhosseini, M.; Avidan, G.: ¬A dialectic perspective on the evolution of thesauri and ontologies (2021) 0.18

   0.17514412 = sum of:
     0.17514412 = product of:
       0.87572056 = sum of:
         0.01324339 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 592) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01324339 = score(doc=592,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06365955 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3700774 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.20803462 = fieldWeight in 592, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=592)
         0.007959341 = weight(abstract_txt:which in 592) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007959341 = score(doc=592,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.04989937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4006519 = boost
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.15950784 = fieldWeight in 592, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=592)
         0.08175283 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 592) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08175283 = score(doc=592,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14853388 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.701783 = boost
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.5503985 = fieldWeight in 592, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=592)
         0.6989193 = weight(abstract_txt:knowl­edge in 592) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6989193 = score(doc=592,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.710895 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4748697 = boost
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.98315406 = fieldWeight in 592, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=592)
         0.07384569 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 592) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07384569 = score(doc=592,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34974146 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.416282 = boost
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.21114366 = fieldWeight in 592, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=592)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Broughton, V.: Science and knowledge organization : an editorial (2021) 0.18

   0.17514412 = sum of:
     0.17514412 = product of:
       0.87572056 = sum of:
         0.01324339 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01324339 = score(doc=593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06365955 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3700774 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.20803462 = fieldWeight in 593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=593)
         0.007959341 = weight(abstract_txt:which in 593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007959341 = score(doc=593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.04989937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4006519 = boost
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.15950784 = fieldWeight in 593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.9167147 = idf(docFreq=6503, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=593)
         0.08175283 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08175283 = score(doc=593,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14853388 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.701783 = boost
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.5503985 = fieldWeight in 593, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=593)
         0.6989193 = weight(abstract_txt:knowl­edge in 593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6989193 = score(doc=593,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.710895 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4748697 = boost
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.98315406 = fieldWeight in 593, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=593)
         0.07384569 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07384569 = score(doc=593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34974146 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.416282 = boost
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.21114366 = fieldWeight in 593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=593)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Moreira dos Santos Macula, B.C.: ¬The Universal Decimal Classification in the organization of knowledge : representing the concept of ethics (2023) 0.15

   0.14813353 = sum of:
     0.14813353 = product of:
       0.9258346 = sum of:
         0.008907869 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 1128) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008907869 = score(doc=1128,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.044708014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1481695 = boost
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.19924548 = fieldWeight in 1128, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1879277 = idf(docFreq=4958, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1128)
         0.03376674 = weight(abstract_txt:basic in 1128) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03376674 = score(doc=1128,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10869149 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7902393 = boost
               4.970654 = idf(docFreq=833, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.31066588 = fieldWeight in 1128, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.970654 = idf(docFreq=833, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1128)
         0.79876494 = weight(abstract_txt:knowl­edge in 1128) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.79876494 = score(doc=1128,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.710895 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4748697 = boost
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             1.1236047 = fieldWeight in 1128, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               8.988837 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1128)
         0.08439507 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 1128) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08439507 = score(doc=1128,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34974146 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.416282 = boost
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.012214365 = queryNorm
             0.24130704 = fieldWeight in 1128, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8609126 = idf(docFreq=2529, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1128)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)