Document (#44098)

Author

Hjoerland, B.

Title

Table of contents (ToC)

Source

Knowledge organization. 49(2022) no.2, S.98 - 120

Year

2022

Series

Reviews of concepts in knowledge organization

Abstract

A table of contents (ToC) is a kind of document representation as well as a paratext and a kind of finding device to the document it represents. TOCs are very common in books and some other kinds of documents, but not in all kinds. This article discusses the definition and functions of ToC, normative guidelines for their design, and the history and forms of ToC in different kinds of documents and media. A main part of the article is about the role of ToC in information searching, in current awareness services and as items added to bibliographical records. The introduction and the conclusion focus on the core theoretical issues concerning ToCs. Should they be document-oriented or request-oriented, neutral, or policy-oriented, objective, or subjective? It is concluded that because of the special functions of ToCs, the arguments for the request-oriented (policy-oriented, subjective) view are weaker than they are in relation to indexing and knowledge organization in general. Apart from level of granularity, the evaluation of a ToC is difficult to separate from the evaluation of the structuring and naming of the elements of the structure of the document it represents.

Content

Vgl.: https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0943-7444-2022-2/ko-knowledge-organization-jahrgang-49-2022-heft-2?page=1.

Similar documents (author)

1. Hjoerland, B.: ¬The concept of 'subject' in information science (1992) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 2247) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 2247, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2247)
   

2. Hjoerland, B.: Subject representation and information seeking : contributions to a theory based on the theory of knowledge (1993) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 7555) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 7555, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7555)
   

3. Hjoerland, B.: Theory of information science : Reply to Professor Gernot Wersig (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 403, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=403)
   

4. Hjoerland, B.: Information retrieval, text composition, and semantics (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 649) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 649, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=649)
   

5. Hjoerland, B.: ¬The classification of psychology : a case study in the classification of a knowledge field (1998) 4.49

   4.491267 = sum of:
     4.491267 = weight(author_txt:hjoerland in 3783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.491267 = fieldWeight in 3783, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1860275 = idf(docFreq=90, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3783)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Hjoerland, B.: Subject (of documents) (2016) 0.21

   0.21070454 = sum of:
     0.21070454 = product of:
       0.8779356 = sum of:
         0.024043493 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024043493 = score(doc=3182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08090214 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0997952 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.2971923 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
         0.06836652 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06836652 = score(doc=3182,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.094958514 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.191513 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.719962 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
         0.07749772 = weight(abstract_txt:policy in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07749772 = score(doc=3182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17653097 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6245843 = boost
               5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.43900353 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.619245 = idf(docFreq=435, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
         0.20599443 = weight(abstract_txt:request in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20599443 = score(doc=3182,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26885736 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0049002 = boost
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.7661848 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
         0.119676635 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.119676635 = score(doc=3182,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.2060333 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4820786 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.5808606 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
         0.38235676 = weight(abstract_txt:oriented in 3182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.38235676 = score(doc=3182,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.4374222 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0434513 = boost
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.8741138 = fieldWeight in 3182, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3182)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

2. White, H.D.: Relevance in theory (2009) 0.14

   0.13716204 = sum of:
     0.13716204 = product of:
       0.48986444 = sum of:
         0.023975594 = weight(abstract_txt:they in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023975594 = score(doc=3872,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.07870457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0847553 = boost
               3.7520406 = idf(docFreq=2820, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.30462772 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.7520406 = idf(docFreq=2820, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.036689322 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.036689322 = score(doc=3872,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.094958514 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.191513 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.38637212 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.023659414 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023659414 = score(doc=3872,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11251146 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2969708 = boost
               4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.21028447 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.104959056 = weight(abstract_txt:subjective in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.104959056 = score(doc=3872,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.24110012 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8985871 = boost
               6.5669885 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.4353339 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.5669885 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.08433181 = weight(abstract_txt:table in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08433181 = score(doc=3872,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26253572 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9811895 = boost
               6.8527 = idf(docFreq=126, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.32122034 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8527 = idf(docFreq=126, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.17479207 = weight(abstract_txt:request in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17479207 = score(doc=3872,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.26885736 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0049002 = boost
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.6501294 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
         0.0414572 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 3872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0414572 = score(doc=3872,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2060333 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4820786 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.20121601 = fieldWeight in 3872, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3872)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Hjoerland, B.: Knowledge organization (KO) (2017) 0.12

   0.12449136 = sum of:
     0.12449136 = product of:
       0.6224568 = sum of:
         0.024043493 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 3418) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024043493 = score(doc=3418,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08090214 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0997952 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.2971923 = fieldWeight in 3418, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3418)
         0.05295647 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3418) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05295647 = score(doc=3418,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.094958514 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.191513 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.5576801 = fieldWeight in 3418, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3418)
         0.20599443 = weight(abstract_txt:request in 3418) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20599443 = score(doc=3418,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26885736 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0049002 = boost
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.7661848 = fieldWeight in 3418, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3418)
         0.069095336 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 3418) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.069095336 = score(doc=3418,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2060333 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4820786 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.33536002 = fieldWeight in 3418, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3418)
         0.27036706 = weight(abstract_txt:oriented in 3418) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.27036706 = score(doc=3418,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.4374222 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0434513 = boost
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.61809176 = fieldWeight in 3418, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3418)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Fidel, R.: User-centered indexing (1994) 0.12

   0.123798676 = sum of:
     0.123798676 = product of:
       0.7737417 = sum of:
         0.1075342 = weight(abstract_txt:represents in 8259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1075342 = score(doc=8259,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21961367 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8120137 = boost
               6.2675414 = idf(docFreq=227, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.48965168 = fieldWeight in 8259, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.2675414 = idf(docFreq=227, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=8259)
         0.14566006 = weight(abstract_txt:request in 8259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14566006 = score(doc=8259,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26885736 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0049002 = boost
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.5417745 = fieldWeight in 8259, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.9347134 = idf(docFreq=116, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=8259)
         0.13819067 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 8259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13819067 = score(doc=8259,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.2060333 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4820786 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.67072004 = fieldWeight in 8259, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=8259)
         0.38235676 = weight(abstract_txt:oriented in 8259) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.38235676 = score(doc=8259,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.4374222 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0434513 = boost
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.8741138 = fieldWeight in 8259, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=8259)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

5. Wiesman, F.; Herik, H.J. van den; Hasman, A.: Information retrieval by metabrowsing (2004) 0.11

   0.11218401 = sum of:
     0.11218401 = product of:
       0.4674334 = sum of:
         0.024043493 = weight(abstract_txt:article in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024043493 = score(doc=2233,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08090214 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0997952 = boost
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.2971923 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8040617 = idf(docFreq=2677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
         0.030574437 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030574437 = score(doc=2233,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.094958514 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.191513 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.32197678 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
         0.039432354 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluation in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039432354 = score(doc=2233,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11251146 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2969708 = boost
               4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.35047412 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4860687 = idf(docFreq=1353, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
         0.08448918 = weight(abstract_txt:contents in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08448918 = score(doc=2233,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18699458 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6720387 = boost
               5.7833843 = idf(docFreq=369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.4518269 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7833843 = idf(docFreq=369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
         0.09771556 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09771556 = score(doc=2233,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2060333 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4820786 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.4742707 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
         0.19117838 = weight(abstract_txt:oriented in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19117838 = score(doc=2233,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4374222 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0434513 = boost
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019337514 = queryNorm
             0.4370569 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5943284 = idf(docFreq=446, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)