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Johansen, T.: On the relationships of material subjects (1987)
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- Abstract
- In this paper the individual material subject and the subjects related to it are used as a starting point; then the generic and the partitive types of relationships, with collections of material subjects as basis are dealt with. While these types of relationships are of static character, a time-factor is involved when we are con-cerned with dynamic connections (and processes); these are the occasion of the relationship between a subject in a connection and the connection itself, and vice versa. A method of finding the subjects related to a given material subject is then proposed, and an example of the application of this method is given. Finally it is demonstrated that several types of non-hierarchical relationships can be viewed as involving three subjects, viz. those relationships between two subjects belonging to the same dynamic connection which are related 'through' that dynamic connection, and those where two dynamic connections are related 'through' a common subject
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Johansen, T.: Elements of the non-linguistic approach to subject-relationships (1987)
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- Abstract
- The non-linguistic approach is based on the direct observation of subjects, which are always found in connection with other subjects. According to whether a change is observed or not (or inferred, if we deal with immaterial subjects), we talk about a dynamic or a static connection, respectively. These connections are shown to be decomposable into the subjects the contain, by which procedure the linguistic verbal elements are expressed by main subject, object, related subjects, etc. As regards static connections (and consequently dynamic connections as well) a general model is introduced which gives rise to two linguistic formulas, by the application of which the subject roles in the connections are disclosed. This leads to an investigation of the relationship between an subject and the corresponding linguistic expression - which is a most important matter, since the definition of a subject usually has several linguistic expressions - concluding with a suggestion of how to classify subjects according to their internal structures
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Ingwersen, P.; Johansen, T.; Timmermann, P.: User-librarian negotiations and search procedures : a progress report (1980)
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Johansen, T.: ¬An outline of a non-linguistic approach to subject-relationships (1985)
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- Abstract
- Not language itself, but reality displayed by means of language should be the object of investigation. One must try to look behind linguistic expressions in attempting to visualize this reality, especially when one is concerned with subjects and relationships, which cannot be made objects of direct observations (immaterial subjects and relationships). This lead to the well-known fact, that subject-relationships are of two kinds: static or dynamic, where the last named covers what in linguistic terminology is labeled: processes, actions and action-processes. As one or two subject-connections are always present in a dynamic subject-connection, it is reasonable to consider this type of connection as the framework inside which the contents of a sentence is suspended. Another characterisitc of great importance is the fact, that even if a dynamic connection can be expressed in one sentence, one sentence sometimes contains linguistic expressions of subjects that do not belong to the dynamic connection in question. This in its turn leads to the question of mutual relationships between connections, which is only touched upon in this paper
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