-
White, M.D.; Marsh, E.E.: Content analysis : a flexible methodology (2006)
0.01
0.011281841 = product of:
0.052648593 = sum of:
0.03856498 = weight(_text_:wide in 5589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03856498 = score(doc=5589,freq=2.0), product of:
0.1312982 = queryWeight, product of:
4.4307585 = idf(docFreq=1430, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.29372054 = fieldWeight in 5589, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
4.4307585 = idf(docFreq=1430, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5589)
0.0060537956 = weight(_text_:information in 5589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0060537956 = score(doc=5589,freq=2.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.116372846 = fieldWeight in 5589, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5589)
0.008029819 = product of:
0.024089456 = sum of:
0.024089456 = weight(_text_:22 in 5589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.024089456 = score(doc=5589,freq=2.0), product of:
0.103770934 = queryWeight, product of:
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 5589, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5589)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.21428572 = coord(3/14)
- Abstract
- Content analysis is a highly flexible research method that has been widely used in library and information science (LIS) studies with varying research goals and objectives. The research method is applied in qualitative, quantitative, and sometimes mixed modes of research frameworks and employs a wide range of analytical techniques to generate findings and put them into context. This article characterizes content analysis as a systematic, rigorous approach to analyzing documents obtained or generated in the course of research. It briefly describes the steps involved in content analysis, differentiates between quantitative and qualitative content analysis, and shows that content analysis serves the purposes of both quantitative research and qualitative research. The authors draw on selected LIS studies that have used content analysis to illustrate the concepts addressed in the article. The article also serves as a gateway to methodological books and articles that provide more detail about aspects of content analysis discussed only briefly in the article.
- Source
- Library trends. 55(2006) no.1, S.22-45
-
Marsh, E.E.; White, M.D.: ¬A taxonomy of relationships between images and text (2003)
0.01
0.010169638 = product of:
0.047458313 = sum of:
0.020922182 = weight(_text_:web in 4444) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.020922182 = score(doc=4444,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09670874 = queryWeight, product of:
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.21634221 = fieldWeight in 4444, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4444)
0.00856136 = weight(_text_:information in 4444) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.00856136 = score(doc=4444,freq=4.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.16457605 = fieldWeight in 4444, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4444)
0.01797477 = weight(_text_:retrieval in 4444) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.01797477 = score(doc=4444,freq=2.0), product of:
0.08963835 = queryWeight, product of:
3.024915 = idf(docFreq=5836, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.20052543 = fieldWeight in 4444, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.024915 = idf(docFreq=5836, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4444)
0.21428572 = coord(3/14)
- Abstract
- The paper establishes a taxonomy of image-text relationships that reflects the ways that images and text interact. It is applicable to all subject areas and document types. The taxonomy was developed to answer the research question: how does an illustration relate to the text with which it is associated, or, what are the functions of illustration? Developed in a two-stage process - first, analysis of relevant research in children's literature, dictionary development, education, journalism, and library and information design and, second, subsequent application of the first version of the taxonomy to 954 image-text pairs in 45 Web pages (pages with educational content for children, online newspapers, and retail business pages) - the taxonomy identifies 49 relationships and groups them in three categories according to the closeness of the conceptual relationship between image and text. The paper uses qualitative content analysis to illustrate use of the taxonomy to analyze four image-text pairs in government publications and discusses the implications of the research for information retrieval and document design.
-
White, M.D.; Iivonen, M.: Questions as a factor in Web search strategy (2001)
0.01
0.008991993 = product of:
0.06294395 = sum of:
0.048818428 = weight(_text_:web in 333) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.048818428 = score(doc=333,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09670874 = queryWeight, product of:
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.50479853 = fieldWeight in 333, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=333)
0.014125523 = weight(_text_:information in 333) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.014125523 = score(doc=333,freq=2.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.27153665 = fieldWeight in 333, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=333)
0.14285715 = coord(2/14)
- Source
- Information processing and management. 37(2001) no.5, S.721-740
-
White, M.D.; Matteson, M.; Abels, E.G.: Beyond dictionaries : Understanding information behavior of professional translators (2008)
0.01
0.008531172 = product of:
0.0597182 = sum of:
0.045449268 = weight(_text_:wide in 2213) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.045449268 = score(doc=2213,freq=4.0), product of:
0.1312982 = queryWeight, product of:
4.4307585 = idf(docFreq=1430, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.34615302 = fieldWeight in 2213, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
4.4307585 = idf(docFreq=1430, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2213)
0.014268933 = weight(_text_:information in 2213) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.014268933 = score(doc=2213,freq=16.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.27429342 = fieldWeight in 2213, product of:
4.0 = tf(freq=16.0), with freq of:
16.0 = termFreq=16.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2213)
0.14285715 = coord(2/14)
- Abstract
- Purpose - This paper characterizes translation as a task and aims to identify how it influences professional translators' information needs and use of resources to meet those needs. Design/methodology/approach - This research is exploratory and qualitative. Data are based on focus group sessions with 19 professional translators. Where appropriate, findings are related to several theories relating task characteristics and information behavior (IB). Findings - The findings support some of Byström's findings about relationship between task and information use but also suggest new hypotheses or relationships among task, information need, and information use, including the notion of a zone of familiarity. Translators use a wide range of resources, both formal and informal, localized sources, including personal contacts with other translators, native speakers, and domain experts, to supplement their basic resources, which are different types of dictionaries. The study addresses translator problems created by the need to translate materials in less commonly taught languages. Research limitations/implications - Focus group sessions allow only for identifying concepts, relationships, and hypotheses, not for indicating the relative importance of variables or distribution across individuals. Translation does not cover literary translation. Practical implications - The paper suggests content and features of workstations offering access to wide range of resources for professional translators. Originality/value - Unlike other information behavior studies of professional translators, this article focuses on a broad range of resources, not just on dictionary use. It also identifies information problems associated not only with normal task activities, but also with translators' moving out of their zone of familiarity, i.e. their range of domain, language, and style expertise. The model of translator IB is potentially generalizable to other groups and both supports and expands other task-related research.
-
White, M.D.: Questions in reference interviews (1998)
0.01
0.0076548834 = product of:
0.03572279 = sum of:
0.011280581 = weight(_text_:information in 4720) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.011280581 = score(doc=4720,freq=10.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.21684799 = fieldWeight in 4720, product of:
3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
10.0 = termFreq=10.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4720)
0.014978974 = weight(_text_:retrieval in 4720) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.014978974 = score(doc=4720,freq=2.0), product of:
0.08963835 = queryWeight, product of:
3.024915 = idf(docFreq=5836, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.16710453 = fieldWeight in 4720, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.024915 = idf(docFreq=5836, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4720)
0.009463232 = product of:
0.028389696 = sum of:
0.028389696 = weight(_text_:22 in 4720) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.028389696 = score(doc=4720,freq=4.0), product of:
0.103770934 = queryWeight, product of:
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.27358043 = fieldWeight in 4720, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4720)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
0.21428572 = coord(3/14)
- Abstract
- This article characterises the questioning behaviour in reference interviews preceding delegated online searches of bibliographic databases and relates it to questioning behaviour in other types of interviews/settings. With one exception, the unit of analysis is the question (N=610), not the interview. The author uses A.C. Graesser's typology of questions to analyse type of question and M.D. White's typology of information categories to determine the question's content objective; this is the first application of Graesser's typology to interview questions in any setting. Graesser's categories allow for a more subtle understanding of the kind of information need underlying a question. Comparisons are made between questions asked by the information specialist and those asked by the client. Findings show that the information specialist dominates the interview, about half the questions were verification questions and about 22% were judgemental questions or requests; all but four types of questions from Graesser's categories appeared in the interviews, but no new question types were discovered. Clients often phrase questions as requests. In content, both clients and information specialists focus on the subject and service requested, but the clients ask also about search strategy and output features. Both parties ask predominantly short-answer questions. Results are related to interface design for retrieval systems.
- Date
- 2.12.2005 14:48:22
-
Iivonen, M.; White, M.D.: ¬The choice of initial web search strategies : a comparison between Finnish and American searchers (2001)
0.00
0.002588449 = product of:
0.036238287 = sum of:
0.036238287 = weight(_text_:web in 4483) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.036238287 = score(doc=4483,freq=6.0), product of:
0.09670874 = queryWeight, product of:
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.37471575 = fieldWeight in 4483, product of:
2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
6.0 = termFreq=6.0
3.2635105 = idf(docFreq=4597, maxDocs=44218)
0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4483)
0.071428575 = coord(1/14)
- Abstract
- This paper uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodology to analyse differences between Finnish and American web searchers (n=27 per country) in their choice of initial search strategies (direct address, subject directory and search engines) and their reasoning underlying these choices, with data gathered via a questionnaire. The paper looks at these differences for four types of questions with two variables: closed/open and predictable/unpredictable source of answer (n=16 questions per searcher; total n=864 questions). The paper found significant differences between the two groups' initial search strategies and for three of the four types of questions. The reasoning varied across countries and questions as well, with Finns mentioning fewer reasons although both groups mentioned in aggregate a total of 1,284 reasons in twenty-four reason categories. The reasoning indicated that both country groups considered not only question-related reasons but also source- and search-strategy related reasons in making their decision. The research raises questions about considering cultural differences in designing web search access mechanisms.
-
Wang, P.; White, M.D.: ¬A qualitative study of scholars' citation behaviour (1996)
0.00
8.737902E-4 = product of:
0.012233062 = sum of:
0.012233062 = weight(_text_:information in 7352) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.012233062 = score(doc=7352,freq=6.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.23515764 = fieldWeight in 7352, product of:
2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
6.0 = termFreq=6.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=7352)
0.071428575 = coord(1/14)
- Imprint
- Medford, NJ : Learned Information
- Source
- Global complexity: information, chaos and control. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, ASIS'96, Baltimore, Maryland, 21-24 Oct 1996. Ed.: S. Hardin
-
White, M.D.; Abels, E.G.: Measuring service quality in special libraries : lessons from service marketing (1994)
0.00
7.134467E-4 = product of:
0.009988253 = sum of:
0.009988253 = weight(_text_:information in 1909) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.009988253 = score(doc=1909,freq=4.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.1920054 = fieldWeight in 1909, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1909)
0.071428575 = coord(1/14)
- Abstract
- As part of a project to develop a means of measuring service quality in special libraries, the authors review the service marketing literature for models and methods. They focus on 2 techniques; SERVQUAL, which measures service quality on the basis of expectations and performance, and SERVPERF, which is based on performance alone. The authors then assess the applicability of these methods to special libraries and information centres. The methods of SERVQUAL and SERVPERF seem applicable to not only these kinds of libraries, but to other kinds as well. An important unknown which may prevent outright adoption of one of these instruments is the extent to which they adequately reflect the values library clients attach to information services. If they do not, some item may have to be addedd
-
Wang, P.; White, M.D.: ¬A cognitive model of document use during a research project : Study II: Decisions at the reading and citing stages (1999)
0.00
3.6034497E-4 = product of:
0.0050448296 = sum of:
0.0050448296 = weight(_text_:information in 2940) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0050448296 = score(doc=2940,freq=2.0), product of:
0.052020688 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.029633347 = queryNorm
0.09697737 = fieldWeight in 2940, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2940)
0.071428575 = coord(1/14)
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.2, S.98-114
