Search (6 results, page 1 of 1)

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Editor

Spink, A. u. C. Cole

Footnote

Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.3, S.95-98 (O. Oberhauser): "Dieser Sammelband der Herausgeber A. Spink & C. Cole ist kurz vor ihrem im letzten Heft der Mitteilungen der VÖB besprochenen zweiten Buch erschienen. Er wendet sich an Informationswissenschaftler, Bibliothekare, Sozialwissenschaftler sowie Informatiker mit Interesse am Themenbereich Mensch-Computer-Interaktion und präsentiert einen Einblick in die aktuelle Forschung zum kognitiv orientierten Information Retrieval. Diese Richtung, die von der Analyse der Informationsprobleme der Benutzer und deren kognitivem Verhalten bei der Benutzung von Informationssystemen ausgeht, steht in einem gewissen Kontrast zum traditionell vorherrschenden IR-Paradigma, das sich auf die Optimierung der IR-Systeme und ihrer Effizienz konzentriert. "Cognitive information retrieval" oder CIR (natürlich geht es auch hier nicht ohne ein weiteres Akronym ab) ist ein interdisziplinärer Forschungsbereich, der Aktivitäten aus Informationswissenschaft, Informatik, Humanwissenschaften, Kognitionswissenschaft, Mensch-Computer-Interaktion und anderen informationsbezogenen Gebieten inkludiert.
CIR Processes - A multitasking framework for cognitive information retrieval, von Amanda Spink und Charles Cole (Australien/Kanada), sieht - im Gegensatz zu traditionellen Ansätzen - die simultane Bearbeitung verschiedener Aufgaben (Themen) während einer Informationssuche als den Normalfall an und analysiert das damit verbundene Benutzerverhalten. - Explanation in information seeking and retrieval, von Pertti Vakkari und Kalervo Järvelin (Tampere), plädiert anhand zweier empirischer Untersuchungen für die Verwendung des aufgabenorientierten Ansatzes ("task") in der IR-Forschung, gerade auch als Bindeglied zwischen nicht ausreichend mit einander kommunizierenden Disziplinen (Informationswissenschaft, Informatik, diverse Sozialwissenschaften). - Towards an alternative information retrieval system for children, von Jamshid Beheshti et al. (Montréal), berichtet über den Stand der IR-Forschung für Kinder und schlägt vor, eine Metapher aus dem Sozialkonstruktivismus (Lernen als soziales Verhandeln) als Gestaltungsprinzip für einschlägige IR-Systeme zu verwenden. CIR Techniques - Implicit feedback: using behavior to infer relevance, von Diane Kelly (North Carolina), setzt sich kritisch mit den Techniken zur Analyse des von Benutzern von IR-Systemen geäußerten Relevance-Feedbacks - explizit und implizit - auseinander. - Educational knowledge domain visualizations, von Peter Hook und Katy Börner (Indiana), beschreibt verschiedene Visualisierungstechniken zur Repräsentation von Wissensgebieten, die "Novizen" bei der Verwendung fachspezifischer IR-Systeme unterstützen sollen. - Learning and training to search, von Wendy Lucas und Heikki Topi (Massachusetts), analysiert, im breiteren Kontext der Information- Seeking-Forschung, Techniken zur Schulung von Benutzern von IRSystemen.

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Classification

323.44/5 22 (GBV;LoC)

DDC

323.44/5 22 (GBV;LoC)

Footnote

Part III, "Privacy and Information Control," has four articles and three discussion cases beginning with an 1890 article from the Harvard Law Review, "The Right to Privacy," written by Samuel A Warren and Louis D. Brandeis. Moore then includes an article debating whether people own their genes, an article on caller I.D., and an article on computer surveillance. While all four articles pose some very interesting questions, Margaret Everett's article "The Social Life of Genes: Privacy, Property, and the New Genetics" is incredible. She does a great job of demonstrating how advances in genetics have led to increased concerns over ownership and privacy of genetic codes. For instance, if someone's genetic code predisposes them to a deadly disease, should insurance companies have access to that information? Part IV, "Freedom of Speech and Information Control," has three articles and two discussion cases that examine speech and photography issues. Moore begins this section with Kent Greenawalt's "Rationales for Freedom of Speech," which looks at a number of arguments favoring free speech. Then the notion of free speech is carried over into the digital world in "Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society" by Jack M. Balkin. At 59 pages, this is the work's longest article and demonstrates how complex the digital environment has made freedom of speech issues. Finally, Part V, "Governmental and Societal Control of Information," contains three articles and three discussion cases which provide an excellent view into the conflict between security and privacy. For instance, the first article, "Carnivore, the FBI's E-mail Surveillance System: Devouring Criminals, Not Privacy" by Griffin S. Durham, examines the FBI's e-mail surveillance program called Carnivore. Durham does an excellent job of demonstrating that Carnivore is a necessary and legitimate system used in limited circumstances and with a court order. Librarians will find the final article in the book, National Security at What Price? A Look into Civil Liberty Concerns in the Information Age under the USA Patriot Act by Jacob R. Lilly, of particular interest. In this article, Lilly uses historical examples of events that sacrificed civil liberties for national security such as the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II and the McCarthyism of the Cold War era to examine the PATRIOT Act.

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Date

26. 2.2008 19:22:51

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Theme

Grundlagen u. Einführungen: Allgemeine Literatur

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Abstract

What do primordial bacteria, medieval alchemists, and the World Wide Web have to do with each other? This fascinating exploration of how information systems emerge takes readers on a provocative journey through the history of the information age. Today's "information explosion" may seem like an acutely modern phenomenon, but we are not the first generation - nor even the first species - to wrestle with the problem of information overload. Long before the advent of computers, human beings were collecting, storing, and organizing information: from Ice Age taxonomies to Sumerian archives, Greek libraries to Dark Age monasteries. Today, we stand at a precipice, as our old systems struggle to cope with what designer Richard Saul Wurman called a "tsunami of data."With some historical perspective, however, we can begin to understand our predicament not just as the result of technological change, but as the latest chapter in an ancient story that we are only beginning to understand. Spanning disciplines from evolutionary theory and cultural anthropology to the history of books, libraries, and computer science, writer and information architect Alex Wright weaves an intriguing narrative that connects such seemingly far-flung topics as insect colonies, Stone Age jewelry, medieval monasteries, Renaissance encyclopedias, early computer networks, and the World Wide Web. Finally, he pulls these threads together to reach a surprising conclusion, suggesting that the future of the information age may lie deep in our cultural past. To counter the billions of pixels that have been spent on the rise of the seemingly unique World Wide Web, journalist and information architect Wright delivers a fascinating tour of the many ways that humans have collected, organized and shared information for more than 100,000 years to show how the information age started long before microchips or movable type. A self-described generalist who displays an easy familiarity with evolutionary biology and cultural anthropology as well as computer science and technology, Wright explores the many and varied roots of the Web, including how the structure of family relationships from Greek times, among others, has exerted a profound influence on the shape and structure of human information systems. He discusses how the violent history of libraries is the best lesson in how hierarchical systems collapse and give rise to new systems, and how the new technology of the book introduced the notion of random access to information. And he focuses on the work of many now obscure information-gathering pioneers such as John Wilkins and his Universal Categories and Paul Otlet, the Internet's forgotten forefather, who anticipated many of the problems bedeviling the Web today. (Publishers Weekly)

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Editor

Kuhlen, R.