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Abstract

What is consciousness? How do physical processes in the brain give rise to the self-aware mind and to feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or spiritual yearning? These questions today are among the most hotly debated issues among scientists and philosophers, and we have seen in recent years superb volumes by such eminent figures as Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Gerald Edelman, and Roger Penrose, all firing volleys in what has come to be called the consciousness wars. Now, in The Conscious Mind, philosopher David J. Chalmers offers a cogent analysis of this heated debate as he unveils a major new theory of consciousness, one that rejects the prevailing reductionist trend of science, while offering provocative insights into the relationship between mind and brain. Writing in a rigorous, thought-provoking style, the author takes us on a far-reaching tour through the philosophical ramifications of consciousness. Chalmers convincingly reveals how contemporary cognitive science and neurobiology have failed to explain how and why mental events emerge from physiological occurrences in the brain. He proposes instead that conscious experience must be understood in an entirely new light--as an irreducible entity (similar to such physical properties as time, mass, and space) that exists at a fundamental level and cannot be understood as the sum of its parts. And after suggesting some intriguing possibilities about the structure and laws of conscious experience, he details how his unique reinterpretation of the mind could be the focus of a new science. Throughout the book, Chalmers provides fascinating thought experiments that trenchantly illustrate his ideas. For example, in exploring the notion that consciousness could be experienced by machines as well as humans, Chalmers asks us to imagine a thinking brain in which neurons are slowly replaced by silicon chips that precisely duplicate their functions--as the neurons are replaced, will consciousness gradually fade away? The book also features thoughtful discussions of how the author's theories might be practically applied to subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Gehirn & Geist 2002, H.3, S.97 (M. Esfeld: "Wenn es ein Rätsel des Bewusstseins gibt, dann bezieht es sich auf unsere Erfahrung phänomenaler Qualitäten: Wie schmeckt Schokoladeneis? Wie fühlen sich Schmerzen an? Wie ist es, verliebt zu sein? Und so weiter. Der von dem Philosophenduo Michael Pauen (Universität Magdeburg) und Achim Stephan (Universität Osnabrück) herausgegebene Sammelband enthält klassische wie zeitgenössische Texte zu diesem Thema. Dabei ist das Buch mehr als eine Anthologie. Mit der zentralen Frage "Reduktion als Lösung?" setzt es zugleich Akzente für die zukünftige Forschung. Was diese zu leisten hat, um unser phänomenales Bewusstsein naturwissenschaftlich zu erklären, wissen wir bereits ziemlich genau: Sie muss unsere phänomenalen Begriffe funktional durch kausale Rollen definieren können, das heißt durch ihre Ursachen und Wirkungen. Daneben muss sie neurophysiologische Zustände identifizieren, die eben diese Rollen erfüllen. Und zuletzt muss sie zeigen, wie die neurophysiologischen Zustände diese Rollen so erfüllen, dass sich die betreffenden phänomenalen Erfahrungen tatsächlich ergeben. Alle drei Teilaufgaben erfordern sowohl begriffliche Analyse als auch empirische Forschung. Das Buch bietet einen hervorragenden Überblick über den Stand der Diskussion. Geschickte Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Beiträgen machen diese auch für Leser ohne philosophisches Hintergrundwissen zugänglich.")

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Content

Vgl. auch die Besprechung: Löhrer, G.: Der Anti-Dualismus, sein Vokabular und dessen Ambiguität: eine methodische Bemerkung zu Searles monistischen Auffassungen in der Philosophie des Geistes. Unter: Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie. 14(2005) H.2, S.182-204.