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- Diese Verhältnisse durchbrach Brockhaus mit einer schlichten Rechnung: Von 100 Millionen deutschsprachigen Europäern sind 75 Millionen Frauen und Kinder, die entfielen ihm zufolge als Käufer. Von den restlichen 25 Millionen sollte jeder 25. - also die Bildungs- und Besitzbürger - ein Konversationslexikon kaufen. Diesen Markt wollte er erobern. Drei Jahre nach dem Kauf des "Conversationslexikons" verlegte Brockhaus sein Geschäft nach Altenburg, wo er die Konversationslexika druckte und vertrieb. Aus den zunächst sechs Bänden wurden schnell zehn. Bereits von der 5. Auflage (1818/20) verkaufte Brockhaus 32.000 Exemplare. Der Erfolg des neuen Informationsmediums rief Konkurrenten auf den Plan: 1822 brachten Johann Friedrich Pierer und sein Sohn Heinrich August das "Encyclopädische Wörterbuch der Wissenschaften und Künste" heraus, das im 19. Jahrhundert sieben Auflagen schaffte und dann vom Markt verschwand. Zu einem schärferen Konkurrenten wurden Joseph Meyer und Hermann Julius Meyer, deren "Großes Conversationslexikon für die gebildeten Stände" mit 46 Bänden und 6 Ergänzungsbänden (1839-1852) das umfangreichste Werk bildet, von dem 200.000 Exemplare verkauft wurden. Bartholomä Herder schließlich war der dritte und kleinste Mitbewerber auf dem lukrativen Lexikonmarkt. Die Konversationslexika sind aber auch die Folge eines konzeptionellen Scheiterns und einer Revolution des Wissens. Im sprichwörtlich enzyklopädischen 18. Jahrhundert wollte man das gesamte Wissen zusammenfassen. Aus diesem Geist umfassender Aufklärung entstanden die großen Enzyklopädien oder Universallexika. Johann Heinrich Zedler benötigte 22 Jahre (1732-1754) für die 68 Bände des "Großen vollständigen Universallexikons aller Wissenschaften und Künste": Denis Diderot und Jean Le Rond d'Alembert brachten die 35 Bände der "Enyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonnédes sciences; des arts et des métiers" (1751-1780) in 29 Jahren heraus, wobei der wichtigste Mitarbeiter meistens ungenannt blieb: Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt (1704-1780), von dem man fast nichts weiß und von dem kein Bild existiert, schrieb in den Bänden 3 bis 17 nachweislich 28 Prozent der Artikel, in den letzten Bänden rund 40 Prozent.
Als sie Zedlers "Universallexikon" aktualisieren wollten, merkten die Lexikografen bald, dass sich das Wissen viel schneller vermehrte und veränderte; als sie arbeiten konnten. Erschien ein Band, war er naturwissenschaftlich, statistisch, technologisch und medizinisch bestenfalls auf dem Stand von vorgestern. Die "Deutsche Enzyklopädie" (1778-1804) wurde deshalb nach dem 23. Band beim Buchstaben K abgebrochen. Das Projekt, alles gültige Wissen aktuell zu bündeln, erwies sich als unausführbar. Ebenso erging es der "Allgemeinen Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste" von Johann Samuel Ersch und Johann Gottfried Gruber, deren Unternehmen nach 71 Jahren 1889 mit insgesamt 167 Bänden beim Buchstaben P endete. Einen Ausweg aus dem Dilemma bildeten fortan Spezial-Enzyklopädien zu nur einem einzigen Wissensgebiet. Johann Georg Krünitz sammelte das Wissen für seine "Oeconomische Encyclopädie" von 1773 bis 1796, er verstarb beim Verfassen des Eintrags "Leiche". Das Werk wurde 1858 mit dem 242. Band abgeschlossen. Die naturwissenschaftlich-technische Revolution machte also auch den Anspruch illusorisch, nur das gesamte Wissen der "Haus-, Land- und Staatswirtschaft" zu ordnen. An die Stelle der Monumentalwerke traten Nachschlagewerke und Handbücher für relativ kleine Teilgebiete. Einen anderen Ausweg boten, die Konversationslexika, die weder den Anspruch erhoben, alles Wissen zu sammeln, noch gedachten, nur gesichertes Wissen zu präsentieren. Die Anfänge waren bescheiden, ja geradezu poetisch. 181g lautete der erste Satz im Artikel "Polen": "Ein Land, ein Volk und ein Staat, seit tausend Jahren fast nur durch Unglück denkwürdig`: Die Auswahl der Stichworte blieb hochgradig zufällig und die Behandlung des Stoffs eher kursorisch-assoziativ als wissenschaftlich orientiert. Vieles blieb mit Haut und Haaren dem jeweiligen Zeitgeist verpflichtet. Besonders deutlich wird das, wenn man die Artikel über "Frauen" liest. Sie stürzen den heutigen Leser in einen Taumel zwischen Erheiterung und Trostlosigkeit. Für Jahrzehnte sind die Frauen "Repräsentanten der Liebe wie die Männer des Rechts", dann ist der "Mann stark im Handeln, Mitteilen und Befruchten, das Weib im Dulden, Empfangen und Gebären" Erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts versuchten die Konversationslexika, wissenschaftlich gesichertes Wissen in allgemein verständlicher Sprache zu vermitteln. Aktualität, Objektivität, Selektivität und Präzision sind die Grundanforderungen an jedes Lexikon. Die vier Anforderungen bergen jedoch zugleich die Grundprobleme jedes Unternehmens, weil sie schwer miteinander vereinbar sind: Der Anspruch, aktuell zu sein, kann die Objektivität gefährden. Die Auswahl tangiert die Aktualität und die Objektivität. Auch Präzision ist mit Objektivitäts-: und Auswahlproblemen verknüpft.
- Date
- 10. 8.2005 15:24:22
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Pesch, K.: ¬Eine gigantische Informationsfülle : "Brockhaus multimedial 2004" kann jedoch nicht rundum überzeugen (2003)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
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Holoch, K.; Kuhl, D.: "Nicht zu vergleichen (2005)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
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Polatscheck, K.: Elektronische Nachschlagewerke : Was bieten Bahn- und Postauskunft, ein Hotelführer und ein Atlas auf Disketten? (1991)
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Grobe, K.: Encarta-Enzyklopädie (1997)
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Storrer, A.; Freese, K.: Wörterbücher im Internet (1996)
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Rösch, H.: Internetportale : Entwicklung, Funktionalität und Typologie (2001)
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- Date
- 12. 5.2001 20:21:29
