Search (81 results, page 1 of 5)

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Date

15. 7.2002 14:22:55

LCSH

Information storage and retrieval systems / Social aspects

PRECIS

Society / Effects of technological development in information systems

Subject

Information storage and retrieval systems / Social aspects
Society / Effects of technological development in information systems

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This book addresses some of the key questions that scientists have been asking themselves for centuries: what is knowledge? What is information? How do we know that we know something? How do we construct meaning from the perceptions of things? Although no consensus exists on a common definition of the concepts of information and communication, few can reject the hypothesis that information - whether perceived as « object » or as « process » - is a pre-condition for knowledge. Epistemology is the study of how we know things (anglophone meaning) or the study of how scientific knowledge is arrived at and validated (francophone conception). To adopt an epistemological stance is to commit oneself to render an account of what constitutes knowledge or in procedural terms, to render an account of when one can claim to know something. An epistemological theory imposes constraints on the interpretation of human cognitive interaction with the world. It goes without saying that different epistemological theories will have more or less restrictive criteria to distinguish what constitutes knowledge from what is not. If information is a pre-condition for knowledge acquisition, giving an account of how knowledge is acquired should impact our comprehension of information and communication as concepts. While a lot has been written on the definition of these concepts, less research has attempted to establish explicit links between differing theoretical conceptions of these concepts and the underlying epistemological stances. This is what this volume attempts to do. It offers a multidisciplinary exploration of information and communication as perceived in different disciplines and how those perceptions affect theories of knowledge.

Content

Introduction; 1. Fidelia Ibekwe-SanJuan and Thomas Dousa.- 2. Cybersemiotics: A new foundation for transdisciplinary theory of information, cognition, meaning, communication and consciousness; Soren Brier.- 3. Epistemology and the Study of Social Information within the Perspective of a Unified Theory of Information;Wolfgang Hofkirchner.- 4. Perception and Testimony as Data Providers; Luciano Floridi.- 5. Human communication from the semiotic perspective; Winfried Noth.- 6. Mind the gap: transitions between concepts of information in varied domains; Lyn Robinson and David Bawden.- 7. Information and the disciplines: A conceptual meta-analysis; Jonathan Furner.- 8. Epistemological Challenges for Information Science; Ian Cornelius.- 9. The nature of information science and its core concepts; Birger Hjorland.- 10. Visual information construing: bistability as a revealer of mediating patterns; Sylvie Leleu-Merviel. - 11. Understanding users' informational constructs via a triadic method approach: a case study; Michel Labour. - 12. Documentary languages and the demarcation of information units in textual information: the case of Julius O. Kaisers's Systematic Indexing

RSWK

Information / Kommunikation / Wissen / Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Kongress / Lyon <2011>

Subject

Information / Kommunikation / Wissen / Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Kongress / Lyon <2011>

Theme

Information

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LCSH

Information storage and retrieval systems

PRECIS

Information systems

Series

Macmillan information systems series

Subject

Information storage and retrieval systems
Information systems

Theme

Information

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Date

29. 7.2002 10:23:29

Theme

Information

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Abstract

The Turn analyzes the research of information seeking and retrieval (IS&R) and proposes a new direction of integrating research in these two areas: the fields should turn off their separate and narrow paths and construct a new avenue of research. An essential direction for this avenue is context as given in the subtitle Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Other essential themes in the book include: IS&R research models, frameworks and theories; search and works tasks and situations in context; interaction between humans and machines; information acquisition, relevance and information use; research design and methodology based on a structured set of explicit variables - all set into the holistic cognitive approach. The present monograph invites the reader into a construction project - there is much research to do for a contextual understanding of IS&R. The Turn represents a wide-ranging perspective of IS&R by providing a novel unique research framework, covering both individual and social aspects of information behavior, including the generation, searching, retrieval and use of information. Regarding traditional laboratory information retrieval research, the monograph proposes the extension of research toward actors, search and work tasks, IR interaction and utility of information. Regarding traditional information seeking research, it proposes the extension toward information access technology and work task contexts. The Turn is the first synthesis of research in the broad area of IS&R ranging from systems oriented laboratory IR research to social science oriented information seeking studies. TOC:Introduction.- The Cognitive Framework for Information.- The Development of Information Seeking Research.- Systems-Oriented Information Retrieval.- Cognitive and User-Oriented Information Retrieval.- The Integrated IS&R Research Framework.- Implications of the Cognitive Framework for IS&R.- Towards a Research Program.- Conclusion.- Definitions.- References.- Index.

Footnote

Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.2, S.81-83 (O. Oberhauser): "Mit diesem Band haben zwei herausragende Vertreter der europäischen Informationswissenschaft, die Professoren Peter Ingwersen (Kopenhagen) und Kalervo Järvelin (Tampere) ein Werk vorgelegt, das man vielleicht dereinst als ihr opus magnum bezeichnen wird. Mich würde dies nicht überraschen, denn die Autoren unternehmen hier den ambitionierten Versuch, zwei informations wissenschaftliche Forschungstraditionen, die einander bisher in eher geringem Ausmass begegneten, unter einem gesamtheitlichen kognitiven Ansatz zu vereinen - das primär im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich verankerte Forschungsgebiet "Information Seeking and Retrieval" (IS&R) und das vorwiegend im Informatikbereich angesiedelte "Information Retrieval" (IR). Dabei geht es ihnen auch darum, den seit etlichen Jahren zwar dominierenden, aber auch als zu individualistisch kritisierten kognitiven Ansatz so zu erweitern, dass technologische, verhaltensbezogene und kooperative Aspekte in kohärenter Weise berücksichtigt werden. Dies geschieht auf folgende Weise in neun Kapiteln: - Zunächst werden die beiden "Lager" - die an Systemen und Laborexperimenten orientierte IR-Tradition und die an Benutzerfragen orientierte IS&R-Fraktion - einander gegenübergestellt und einige zentrale Begriffe geklärt. - Im zweiten Kapitel erfolgt eine ausführliche Darstellung der kognitiven Richtung der Informationswissenschaft, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Informationsbegriffes. - Daran schliesst sich ein Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zu "Information Seeking" (IS) - eine äusserst brauchbare Einführung in die Forschungsfragen und Modelle, die Forschungsmethodik sowie die in diesem Bereich offenen Fragen, z.B. die aufgrund der einseitigen Ausrichtung des Blickwinkels auf den Benutzer mangelnde Betrachtung der Benutzer-System-Interaktion. - In analoger Weise wird im vierten Kapitel die systemorientierte IRForschung in einem konzentrierten Überblick vorgestellt, in dem es sowohl um das "Labormodell" als auch Ansätze wie die Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und Expertensysteme geht. Aspekte wie Relevanz, Anfragemodifikation und Performanzmessung werden ebenso angesprochen wie die Methodik - von den ersten Laborexperimenten bis zu TREC und darüber hinaus.

Series

The Kluwer international series on information retrieval ; 18

Theme

Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
Information

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Date

29. 7.2002 10:20:48

Footnote

Auch als deutsche Übersetzung: Information und die innere Struktur des Universums. Aus dem Engl. übers. von H. Kober. Berlin: Springer 1991. XIII,97 S. ISBN 3-540-53825-9

Theme

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Footnote

Rez. in: Mathematical Intelligencer 29(2007) no.1, S.64-65 (C.S. Calude)

LCSH

Information theory

Subject

Information theory

Theme

Information

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Content

Introduction: Philosophy's Relevance in Computing and Information Science - Ruth Hagengruber and Uwe V.Riss Part I: Philosophy of Computing and Information 1 The Fourth Revolution in our Self-Understanding - Luciano Floridi -- 2 Information Transfer as a Metaphor - Jakob Krebs -- 3 With Aristotle towards a Differentiated Concept of Information? - Uwe Voigt -- 4 The Influence of Philosophy on the Understanding of Computing and Information - Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski -- Part II: Complexity and System Theory 5 The Emergence of Self-Conscious Systems: From Symbolic AI to Embodied Robotics - Klaus Mainzer -- 6 Artificial Intelligence as a New Metaphysical Project - Aziz F. Zambak Part III: Ontology 7 The Relevance of Philosophical Ontology to Information and Computer Science - Barry Smith -- 8 Ontology, its Origins and its Meaning in Information Science - Jens Kohne -- 9 Smart Questions: Steps towards an Ontology of Questions and Answers - Ludwig Jaskolla and Matthias Rugel Part IV: Knowledge Representation 10 Sophisticated Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Requires Philosophy - Selmer Bringsjord, Micah Clark and Joshua Taylor -- 11 On Frames and Theory-Elements of Structuralism Holger Andreas -- 12 Ontological Complexity and Human Culture David J. Saab and Frederico Fonseca Part V: Action Theory 13 Knowledge and Action between Abstraction and Concretion - Uwe V.Riss -- 14 Action-Directing Construction of Reality in Product Creation Using Social Software: Employing Philosophy to Solve Real-World Problems - Kai Holzweifiig and Jens Krüger -- 15 An Action-Theory-Based Treatment ofTemporal Individuals - Tillmann Pross -- 16 Four Rules for Classifying Social Entities - Ludger Jansen Part VI: Info-Computationalism 17 Info-Computationalism and Philosophical Aspects of Research in Information Sciences - Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic -- 18 Pancomputationalism: Theory or Metaphor ? - Vincent C. Mutter Part VII: Ethics 19 The Importance of the Sources of Professional Obligations - Francis C. Dane

Footnote

Vgl.: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/philosophy-computing-and-information-science/EFE440F6D9884BD733C19D1BF535045B.

LCSH

Ontologies (Information retrieval)
Knowledge representation (Information theory)

RSWK

Daten / Information / Wissen

Subject

Daten / Information / Wissen
Ontologies (Information retrieval)
Knowledge representation (Information theory)

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Although much of the hubris and hyperbole surrounding the 1990's Internet has softened to a reasonable level, the inexorable momentum of information growth continues unabated. This wealth of information provides resources for adapting to the problems posed by our increasingly complex world, but the simple availability of more information does not guarantee its successful transformation into valuable knowledge that shapes, guides, and improves our activity. When faced with something like the analysis of sense-making behavior on the web, traditional research models tell us a lot about learning and performance with browser operations, but very little about how people will actively navigate and search through information structures, what information they will choose to consume, and what conceptual models they will induce about the landscape of cyberspace. Thus, it is fortunate that a new field of research, Adaptive Information Interaction (AII), is becoming possible. AII centers on the problems of understanding and improving human-information interaction. It is about how people will best shape themselves to their information environments, and how information environments can best be shaped to people. Its roots lie in human-computer interaction (HCI), information retrieval, and the behavioral and social sciences. This book is about Information Foraging Theory (IFT), a new theory in Adaptive Information Interaction that is one example of a recent flourish of theories in adaptationist psychology that draw upon evolutionary-ecological theory in biology. IFT assumes that people (indeed, all organisms) are ecologically rational, and that human information-seeking mechanisms and strategies adapt the structure of the information environments in which they operate. Its main aim is to create technology that is better shaped to users. Information Foraging Theory will be of interest to student and professional researchers in HCI and cognitive psychology.

Content

Inhalt: 1. Information Foraging Theory: Framework and Method 2. Elementary Foraging Models 3. The Ecology of Information Foraging on the World Wide Web 4. Rational Analyses of Information Scent and Web Foraging 5. A Cognitive Model of Information Foraging on the Web 6. A Rational Analysis and Computational Cognitive Model of the Scatter/Gather Document Cluster Browser 7. Stochastic Models of Information Foraging by Information Scent 8. Social Information Foraging 9. Design Heuristics, Engineering Models, and Applications 10. Future Directions: Upward, Downward, Inward, and Outward

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Within dynamic organizations, information systems often fail to adapt to changing requirements and structures. The book presents a different view of IS provision, based on end-user information systems construction, as a means of avoiding many of the recognized problems. Adopting a philosophy of constructivism, emphasizing psychological and social factors in information construction, the authors examine different types of systems across natural and social sciences

Date

25.12.2001 13:22:30

Series

The McGraw-Hill information systems, management and strategy series

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Information and meaning is the third book in a trilogy exploring the nature of information, intelligence and meaning. It begins by providing an overview of the first 2 works of the trilogy, then goes on to consider the meaning of meaning. This exploration leads to a theory of how the brain works. This book differs from others in the field, in that it is written from the perspective of a theoretical biologist looking at the evolution of information systems as a basis for studying the phenomena of information, intelligence and meaning. It describes how neurons create a brain which understands information inputs and then is able to operate on such information

Date

29. 7.2002 12:14:39

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Die moderne Gesellschaft leidet an Reizüberflutung durch Fernsehen, Internet, Zeitschriften aller Art. Jack Meadows, Professor für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft setzt sich mit Definitionen zu Begriffen wie 'Data', 'Information', 'Communication' oder 'Knowledge' auseinander, die für uns alläglich geworden sind. wie verarbeiten wir den Fluss von wichtigen und unwichtigen Informationen, der täglich auf uns einströmt? Welche 'Daten' sind es für uns Wert, gespeichert zu werden, welche vergessen wir nach kurzer Zeit? Wann wird aus Information Wissen oder gar Weisheit? Das Buch ist eine grundlegende Einführung in das weitläufige Thema Information und Wissensmanagement

Date

15. 6.2002 19:22:01

Theme

Information

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Date

29. 3.1996 18:19:32

Theme

Information

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Footnote

Rez. in: Information Research, 9(3), review no. R129 (T.D. Wilson): "The first edition of this book was published ten years ago and rapidly become something of a classic in the field of information seeking behaviour. It is good to see the second edition which incorporates not only the work the author has done since 1993, but also related work by other researchers. Kuhlthau is one of the most cited authors in the field and her model of the information search process, involving stages in the search and associated feelings, has been used by others in a variety of contexts. However, what makes this book different (as was the case with the first edition) is the author's dedication to the field of practice and the book's sub-title demonstrates her commitment to the transfer of research. In Kuhlthau's case this is the practice of the school library media specialist, but her research has covered students of various ages as well as a wide range of occupational groups. Because the information search model is so well known, I shall concentrate in this review on the relationship between the research findings and practice. It is necessary, however, to begin with the search process model, because this is central. Briefly, the model proposes that the searcher goes through the stages of initiation, selection, exploration, formulation, collection and presentation, and, at each stage, experiences various feelings ranging from optimism and satisfaction to confusion and disappointment. Personally, I occasionally suffer despair, but perhaps that is too extreme for most!
It is important to understand the origins of Kuhlthau's ideas in the work of the educational theorists, Dewey, Kelly and Bruner. Putting the matter in a rather simplistic manner, Dewey identified stages of cognition, Kelly attached the idea of feelings being associated with cognitive stages, and Bruner added the notion of actions associated with both. We can see this framework underlying Kuhlthau's research in her description of the actions undertaken at different stages in the search process and the associated feelings. Central to the transfer of these ideas to practice is the notion of the 'Zone of Intervention' or the point at which an information seeker can proceed more effectively with assistance than without. Kuhlthau identifies five intervention zones, the first of which involves intervention by the information seeker him/herself. The remaining four involve interventions of different kinds, which the author distinguishes according to the level of mediation required: zone 2 involves the librarian as 'locater', i.e., providing the quick reference response; zone 3, as 'identifier', i.e., discovering potentially useful information resources, but taking no further interest in the user; zone 4 as 'advisor', i.e., not only identifying possibly helpful resources, but guiding the user through them, and zone 5 as 'counsellor', which might be seen as a more intensive version of the advisor, guiding not simply on the sources, but also on the overall process, through a continuing interaction with the user. Clearly, these processes can be used in workshops, conference presentations and the classroom to sensitise the practioner and the student to the range of helping strategies that ought to be made available to the information seeker. However, the author goes further, identifying a further set of strategies for intervening in the search process, which she describes as 'collaborating', 'continuing', 'choosing', 'charting', 'conversing' and 'composing'. 'Collaboration' clearly involves the participation of others - fellow students, work peers, fellow researchers, or whatever, in the search process; 'continuing' intervention is associated with information seeking that involves a succession of actions - the intermediary 'stays with' the searcher throughout the process, available as needed to support him/her; 'choosing', that is, enabling the information seeker to identify the available choices in any given situation; 'charting' involves presenting a graphic illustration of the overall process and locating the information seeker in that chart; 'conversing' is the encouragement of discussion about the problem(s), and 'composing' involves the librarian as counsellor in encouraging the information seeker to document his/her experience, perhaps by keeping a diary of the process.
Together with the zones of intervention, these ideas, and others set out in the book, provide a very powerful didactic mechanism for improving library and information service delivery. Of course, other things are necessary - the motivation to work in this way, and the availability resources to enable its accomplishment. Sadly, at least in the UK, many libraries today are too financially pressed to do much more than the minimum helpful intervention in the information seeking process. However, that should not serve as a stick with which to beat the author: not only has she performed work of genuine significance in the field of human information behaviour, she has demonstrated beyond question that the ideas that have emerged from her research have the capability to help to deliver more effective services." Auch unter: http://informationr.net/ir/reviews/revs129.html

LCSH

Information retrieval

Subject

Information retrieval

Theme

Information

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Abstract

This volume has the virtue of airing a number of refreshing voices that are not often heard on this side of the Atlantic, and that bring perspectives that should energize our conversations about information in living systems." --Evelyn Fox Keller, MIT "Terzis and Arp have brought together an international array of experimental and theoretical scientists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists to explore the most consequential notion in modern biology--information. The notion is indispensable to molecular biology, and yet we have no idea how seriously we need to take it in that domain. The role of information is equally central to the origin and maintenance of life in a Second Law-driven world that destroys order. And the naturalization of information is the only bridge that can be crossed from cognitive psychology to neuroscience. All of these issues are faced squarely and accessibly in this important volume." --Alex Rosenberg, Duke University "Since the 1960s at least, it has become clear that we cannot content ourselves with describing living systems, and their life cycles, only in terms of matter and energy. An additional dimension--information--is the necessary complement. However, following an initial enthusiasm for an information-based approach to biology, conceptual developments and practical applications have been slow, to such an extent that doubts have eventually arisen, among biologists and philosophers alike, as to the real relevance, if not the legitimacy, of this approach. How profoundly ill-advised were those concerns is dramatically demonstrated by this excellent collection. Information and Living Systems provides a convincing and healthily fresh overview of this subject area in many of its ramifications, throughout the whole of biology." --Alessandro Minelli, University of Padova "Since the time of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and its expression, scientists and philosophers have become increasingly aware that information is integral to the understanding of the organization of life--indeed, to the understanding of life. Information and Living Systems covers the gamut of issues--from the properties of the organism itself to epigenetic and evolutionary considerations to cognition, language, and personality. It transcends in scope and depth any available publications on bioinformation known to me. It is an important scholarly contribution that will interest professional biologists, philosophers, and information theorists, and will be very useful in courses for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

Content

The need for a universal definition of life in twenty-first-century biology -- Energy coupling -- Bioinformation as a triadic relation -- The biosemiotic approach in biology : theoretical bases and applied models -- Problem solving in the life cycles of multicellular organisms : immunology and cancer -- The informational nature of biological causality -- The self-construction of a living organism -- Plasticity and complexity in biology : topological organization, regulatory protein networks, and mechanisms of genetic expression -- Decision making in the economy of nature : value as information -- Information theory and perception : the role of constraints, and what do we maximize information about? -- Attention, information, and epistemic perception -- Biolinguistics and information -- The biology of personality

Date

29. 3.1996 18:16:49

LCSH

Information theory in biology
Information Theory

Subject

Information theory in biology
Information Theory

Theme

Information

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Abstract

Die Geschichte der Information beginnt in einer Zeit, die unserer nicht unähnlicher sein könnte. Von der Entwicklung der sprechenden Trommeln zu den ersten Alphabeten und natürlich der Schrift, ist die Information einen weiten Weg gegangen. Eine höchst interessante und informative Geschichte. Blut, Treibstoff, Lebensprinzip - in seinem furiosen Buch erzählt Bestsellerautor James Gleick, wie die Information zum Kernstück unserer heutigen Zivilisation wurde. Beginnend bei den Wörtern, den "sprechenden" Trommeln in Afrika, über das Morsealphabet und bis hin zur Internetrevolution beleuchtet er, wie die Übermittlung von Informationen die Gesellschaften prägten und veränderten. Gleick erläutert die Theorien, die sich mit dem Codieren und Decodieren, der Übermittlung von Inhalten und dem Verbreiten der Myriaden von Botschaften beschäftigen. Er stellt die bekannten und unbekannten Pioniere der Informationsgesellschaft vor: Claude Shannon, Norbert Wiener, Ada Byron, Alan Turing und andere. Er bietet dem Leser neue Einblicke in die Mechanismen des Informationsaustausches. So lernt dieser etwa die sich selbst replizierende Meme kennen, die "DNA" der Informationen. Sein Buch ermöglicht ein neues Verständnis von Musik, Quantenmechanik - und eine gänzlich neue Sicht auf die faszinierende Welt der Informationen.

Content

Originaltitel: The information: a history, a theory, a flood. New York: Pantheon Books 2011.

Date

29. 5.2012 10:33:14

Footnote

Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2012, H.6, S.94-96 (R. Pilous): " ... Bei aller Materialfülle nimmt Gleick einen technokratischen Standpunkt ein - so konsequent, dass er Gedanken zum Verstehen von Information durch den Menschen oder zur Philosophie selbst dort weglässt, wo sie sich aufdrängen. Seiner leidenschaftlich vorgebrachten Vision, die moderne Physik auf eine Art Quanteninformationstheorie zu reduzieren, fehlt eine gründliche Reflexion ebenso wie seiner Darstellung der Theorie der Meme. Und dennoch: Gleicks Projekt einer Gesamtdarstellung des Informationsbegriffs ist mutig, bisher einmalig und im Wesentlichen gelungen."

RSWK

Kommunikation / Information / Geschichte (BVB)

Subject

Kommunikation / Information / Geschichte (BVB)

Theme

Information

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Theme

Information

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Theme

Information

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Abstract

This book is conceived as an introductory text into the theory of syntactic and semantic information, and information flow. Syntactic information theory is concerned with the information contained in the very fact that some signal has a non-random structure. Semantic information theory is concerned with the meaning or information content of messages and the like. The theory of information flow is concerned with deriving some piece of information from another. The main part will take us to situation semantics as a foundation of modern approaches in information theory. We give a brief overview of the background theory and then explain the concepts of information, information architecture and information flow from that perspective.

Content

Enthält die Abschnitte: (1) The Syntactic Approach to Information Answering a Question by Decreasing Randomness - The Syntactic Approach to Information I - The Syntactic Approach to Information II - Algorithmic Information Theory (2) The Semantic Approach to Information What Information is given by that Sentence? - Explicating Information by Possible Worlds - Strong Semantic Information - Do You Get Information in a Logic Course? (3) The Causal Approach to Information - The Information You Have but Do not Believe - The Causal Theory of Information Flow - Information in Externalist Epistemology - Perception, Belief, and the Problem of Misrepresentation (4) Situation Theory and Information - Bringing Ontology back into Information Theory - The Framework of Situation Semantics: - Information Architecture and Constraints (5) Information Flow in Distributed Systems - Renaming Your'Evening Star' Yields New Information - Information Flow within the Situation Framework - Information Flow and Paraconsistency -Get Yourself Involved into Impossible Situations - Genetic Information?

Theme

Information

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Theme

Information