Search (60 results, page 2 of 3)

  • × language_ss:"e"
  • × theme_ss:"Information"
  • × year_i:[1990 TO 2000}
  1. Oxbrow, N.: Information literacy : the final key to an information society (1998) 0.01
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    Date
    22. 5.1999 19:55:13
  2. Fugmann, R.: ¬The empirical approach in the evaluation of information systems (1999) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The comparative evaluation of different mechanized information systems continues to constitute a controversial topic in the literature. Diametrically differemt opinions, seemingly corroborated through empirical evidence, have been presented since the time of the Cranfield experiments. For literally anything an empirical 'proof' can be submitted provided that suitable examples are selected and methods are chosen. substantial advance in Library and Information Science requires abandoning empiricism. Budd's 'hermeneutic phenomenoloy' seems to constitute a promising substitute
  3. Dillon, A.; Vaughan, M.: "It's the journey and the destination" : shape and the emergent property of genre in evaluating digital documents (1997) 0.01
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    Date
    6. 2.1999 20:10:22
  4. Brier, S.: Cybersemiotics : a new interdisciplinary development applied to the problems of knowledge organisation and document retrieval in information science (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    This article is a contribution to the development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of LIS in the hope of giving a more precise evaluation of its current problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary framework for LIS, especially information retrieval (IR), in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The main problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and laguage does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for the organisation and retrieving of documents in LIS. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulates signs and how librarians work with meaning in practice when they design and run document mediating systems. The 'cognitive viewpoint' of Ingwersen and Belkin makes clear that information is not objective, but rather only potential, until it is interpreted by an individual mind with its own internal mental world view and purposes. It facilitates futher study of the social pragmatic conditions for the interpretation of concepts. This approach is not yet fully developed. The domain analytic paradigm of Hjoerland and Albrechtsen is a conceptual realisiation of an important aspect of this area. In the present paper we make a further development of a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human social communication by texts in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organised, self-creating) system. Other key ideas are from the semiotics of Peirce and also Warner. This is the understanding of signs as a triadic relation between an object, a representation and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, self-organising biological, psychological and social systems. Signification is created and controlled in an cybernetic way within social systems and is communicated through what Luhman calls generalised media, such as science and art. The modern socio-linguistic concept 'discourse communities' and Wittgenstein's 'language gane' concept give a further pragmatic description of the self-organising system's dynamic that determines the meaning of words in a social context. As Blair and Liebenau and Backhouse point out in their work it is these semantic fields of significance that are the true pragmatic tools of knowledge organisation and document retrieval. Methodologically they are the first systems to be analysed when designing document mediating systems as they set the context for the meaning of concepts. Several practical and analytical methods from linguistics and the sociology of knowledge can be used in combination with standard methodology to reveal the significant language games behind document mediation
  5. Hesse, W.; Verrijn-Stuart, A.: Towards a theory of information systems : the FRISCO approach (1999) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Information Systems (IS) is among the most widespread terms in the Computer Science field but a well founded, widely accepted theory of IS is still missing. With the Internet publication of the FRISCO report, the IFIP task group "FRamework of Information System COncepts" has taken a first step towards such a theory. Among the major achievements of this report are: (1) it builds on a solid basis formed by semiotics and ontology, (2) it defines a compendium of about 100 core IS concepts in a coherent and consistent way, (3) it goes beyond the common narrow view of information systems as pure technical artefacts by adopting an interdisciplinary, socio-technical view on them. In the autumn of 1999, a first review of the report and its impact was undertaken at the ISCO-4 conference in Leiden. In a workshop specifically devoted to the subject, the original aims and goals of FRISCO were confirmed to be still valid and the overall approach and achievements of the report were acknowledged. On the other hand, the workshop revealed some misconceptions, errors and weaknesses of the report in its present form, which are to be removed through a comprehensive revision now under way. This paper reports on the results of the Leiden conference and the current revision activities. It also points out some important consequences of the FRISCO approach as a whole.
  6. Liang, T.-Y.: ¬The basic entity model : a fundamental theoretical model of information and information processing (1994) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Management information systems (MIS) is a young and dynamic technological discipline that is greatly in need of a theoretical foundation in order to be recognized as an academic field. A key to this search is the construction of a paradigm which engulfs a set of objects that is genuinely indigenous to MIS. This study is a modest attempt to identify this set of objects and to construct a simple model based on them. A basic entity model is constructed to provide a better understanding for the fundamental theory of information. The model identifies the four basic entities which define the scope of information theory and establishes the 4 fundamental postulates which can serve as its foundation. The 4 basic entities are data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The order of the entity as specified is important. Each entity is transformed to the next higher one during entity processing reduces the entropy of the entity so that further analysis can be executed more systematically. This concept enforces the fact that all computerized information systems also have a similar basic role
  7. Foskett, D.J.: Libraries and information systems : a fruitful partnership (1995) 0.01
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    Source
    Connectedness: information, systems, people, organizations. Proceedings of CAIS/ACSI 95, the proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Information Science. Ed. by Hope A. Olson and Denis B. Ward
  8. Klasson, M.: Scripted knowledge, knowledge organisation and the adult information user (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Examines how societal changes influence the involvement of libraries as resources in the learning processes of adults. Libraries are instruments for socialisation, so that when ideologies change they influence libraries. The changes are apparent not only in acquisition policy but also in registration and retrieval. Examines the Swedish classification system as an example of a system with a humanistic signature based on idealism, and Marxist systems based on materialism in former East block countries and China. With computerised information systems, the ideal of international information dissemination without borders, available to all has materialised. The resulting knowledge organisation reflect post-modern ideas. Modern databases using descriptors exemplify the fragmentation which the new information technology creates. Each user shapes a personal view with the help of a chosen search logic and a concept combination. Asks what effect this will have on knowledge organisation, development of cultural traditions and local librarians as agents of change
  9. Karamuftuoglu, M.: Collaborative information retrieval : toward a social informatics view of IR interaction (1998) 0.01
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    Abstract
    This article attempts to lay down theoretical groundwork for information retrieval that involves the combinded efforts of several users. It is argued that the fundamental intellectual problems of IR are the production and consumption of knowledge. Knowledge production is fundamentally a collaborative labor, which is deeply embedded in the practices of a community of participants constituing a domain. The current technological advances in networked systems make the intertextual and intersubjective nature of meaning production and communication readily visible by merging various heterogeneous media into the homogenizing framework of the digital medium. Collaborative IR as envisaged in this article would be based on the ethos of voluntary cooperation to facilitate free exchange of ideas and stimulate creativity. What sorts of functionalities can be expected in a Collaborative IR system are illustrated with the help of some examples of collaborative systems and services from various domains
  10. Proper, H.A.; Bruza, P.D.: What is information discovery about? (1999) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The Internet has led to an increase in the quantity and diversity of information available for searching. Furthermore, users are bombarded by a constant barrage of electronic messages in the form of e-mail, faxes, etc. This has led to a plethora of search engines, 'intelligent'agents, etc., that aim to help users in their quest for relevant information, or shield them against irrelevant information. All these systems aim to identify the potentially relevant information in among a large pool of available information. No unifying underlying theory for information discovery systems exist as yet. The aim of this article is to provide a logic-based framework for information discovery, and relate this to the traditional field of information retrieval. Furthermore, the often ignored user receives special emphasis. In information discovery, a good understanding of a user's (sometimes hidden) needs and beliefs is essential. We will develop a logic-based approach to express the mechanics of information discovery, while the pragmatics are based on an analysis of the underlying informational semantics of information carriers and information needs of users
  11. Buckland, M.K.: Information as thing (1991) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Three meanings of "information" are distinguished: "information-as-process"; "information-as-knowledge"; and "information-as-thing", the attributive use of "information" to denote things regarded as informative. The nature and characteristics of "information-as-thing" are discussed, using an indirect approach ("What things are informative?"). Varieties of "information-as-thing"include data, text, documents, objects, and events. On this view "information" includes but extends beyond communication. Whatever information storage and retrieval systems store and retrieve is necessarily "information-as-thing"
  12. Shum, S.: Real and virtual spaces : mapping from spatial cognition to hypertext (1990) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Parallels are frequently drawn between navigating through everyday spatial environments and information systems, hypertexts being a particular case in point. Examnines the cognitive mapping theory often borrowed implicitly from spatial cognition research which has a bearing on the appropriateness of using spatial imagery in hypertext. identifies conceptual differences between euclidean and virtual spaces and considers ways in which to make information spaces more coherent. Describes demonstration hypertext browser incorporating some of the cognitive principles discussed
  13. McKnight, C.: Hypertext and navigation : a problem or a solution? (1993) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The paper consists of a series of charts and diagrams rather than a text. Considers the way in which users of printed information sources develop a mental map to assist them in navigation and transfers the psychological concepts underlying the development of such mental maps to the design of hypertext searching systems for computerized information retrieval
  14. Dyer, H.: Beyond relevance, precision and recall : the 'worth' of information retrieval results (1994) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The existing tools of relevance, recall and precision have their place in the evaluation of information retrieval systems, but do not tell the whole story. They cannot, for example, make allowance for the enquirer already knowing of the existence of a document or the subsequent availability of items. Utility theory goes part way towards meeting the need by assessing the likely usefulness of documents. Arguing that information is not information until it is used, the paper suggests an additional approach to information system evaluation - the 'use-value' of information
  15. Lievrouw, L.A.: Information resources and democracy : understanding the paradox (1994) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Introduces the articles in a special issue partially devoted to the role of information in democracy. Highlights the paradox that although Americans are increasingly alienated from the political system they have access to unprecedented media and information sources. Considers theories of democracy and examines the changing information environment discussing the shifts in the nature of information systems, ownership and economics, and the content of information resources. Examines the political implication of these shifts
  16. Ingwersen, P.: ¬The cognitive perspective in information retrieval (1994) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Outlines the principles underlying the theory of polyrepresentation applied to the user's cognitive space and the information space of information retrieval systems, set in a cognitive framework. Uses polyrepresentation to represent the current user's information needs, problem states, and domain work tasks or interests in a structure of causality, as well as to embody semantic full text entities by means of the principle of 'intentional redundancy'
  17. Anderson, O.R.: Some interrelationships between constructivist models of learning and current neurobiological theory, with implications for science ieducation (1992) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Recent advances in the neurosciences have begun to elucidate how some fundamental mechanisms of nervous systems activity can explain human information processing and the acquisition of knowledge. Some of these findings are consistent with a cognitive view of constructivist models of learning and provide additional theoretical support for constructivist applications to science education reform. Current thought at the interface between neurocognitive research and constructivist philosophy is summarized here and discussed in a context of implications for scientific epistemology and conceptual change processes in science education
  18. Heilprin, L.B.: Information and thermodynamics : toward a closer unification of information science with other sciences (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Records some thoughts towards achieving a closer union of information science with other sciences. Examines the idea of open systems and discusses the difference between the living organism and the nonliving open machine. Introduces the idea of alimentary and informational action, the former being concerned with growth and maintenance and the latter quick, self preservative action
  19. Kangas, S.; Kuronen, T.; Pekkarinen, P.: ¬The right to information : the new role of libraries (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Reassesses the role of libraries in the context of the integration of individual countries in Europe into the European Union. As decision making passes from national to supranational bodies, there is the threat that citizens' access to information and the documents pertaining to them could become more restricted. Concludes that, to promote a discursive information environment in society, libraries should explore, evaluate, and enhance information distribution systems, facilitate citizens' access to information and encourage critical discourse through communication networks
  20. Thompson, L.A.; Ogden, W.C.: Visible speech improves human language understanding : implications for speech processing systems (1995) 0.01
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