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BK

54.72 / Künstliche Intelligenz

Classification

54.72 / Künstliche Intelligenz

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BK

54.72 / Künstliche Intelligenz

Classification

54.72 / Künstliche Intelligenz

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Footnote

Rez. in: nfd - Information 54(2003) H.6, S.378-379 (T. Mandl): "Im Oktober 2001 fand erstmals eine Tagung mit dem Titel "Web Intelligence" statt. Ist dies nun eine neue Disziplin oder der Versuch analog zu "Artificial Intelligence" und "Computational Intelligence" ein neues Modewort zu kreieren? Geht es um den Einsatz sogenannter intelligenter Verfahren, um mit dem Internet umgehen zu können oder erscheint das Internet als "emerging global brain" (Goertzel 2002), also als eine unerschöpfliche Quelle von Wissen, die nur geschickt ausgebeutet werden muss? Kommt also die Intelligenz aus dem Web oder dient die Intelligenz als Werkzeug für das Web? Der Tagungsband ist seit Anfang 2003 verfügbar und bietet nun den Anlass, diesen Begriff anhand der darin präsentierten Inhalte zu bewerten. Die Herausgeber führen in ihrem einleitenden Artikel gleich die Abkürzung WI ein und versuchen tatsächlich "Web Intelligence" als neue Sub-Disziplin der Informatik zu etablieren. Zu diesem Zweck greifen sie auch auf die Anzahl der Nachweise für diese Phrase in Suchmaschinen zu. Zwar lieferten die Systeme angeblich Zahlen von über einer Million (S. 4), aber dies überzeugt sicher noch niemanden, das Studium der WI aufzunehmen. Allerdings weist dieses Vorgehen schon auf einen Kern der WI hin: man versucht, aus dem im Web gespeicherten Wissen neues Wissen zu generieren. Damit wäre man sehr nahe am Data oder eben Web-Mining, jedoch geht die Definition der Autoren darüber hinaus. Sie wollen WI verstanden wissen als die Anwendung von Künstlicher Intelligenz sowie Informationstechnologie im Internet (S. 2). Da nun Künstliche Intelligenz bei allen Meinungsverschiedenheiten sicherlich nicht ohne Informationstechnologie denkbar ist, wirkt die Definition nicht ganz überzeugend. Allerdings beschwichtigen die Autoren im gleichen Atemzug und versichern, diese Definition solle ohnehin keine Forschungsrichtung ausschließen. Somit bietet sich eher eine Umfangsdefinition an. Diese solle die wichtigsten Stoßrichtungen des Buchs und damit auch der Tagung umfassen. Als Ausgangspunkt dient dazu auch eine Liste der Herausgeber (S. 7f.), die hier aber etwas modifiziert wird: - Grundlagen von Web Informationssystemen (Protokolle, Technologien, Standards) - Web Information Retrieval, WebMining und Farming - Informationsmanagement unter WebBedingungen - Mensch-Maschine Interaktion unter Web-Bedingungen (hier "HumanMedia Engineering" S. XII) Eine grobe Einteilung wie diese ist zwar übersichtlich, führt aber zwangsläufig zu Ouerschnittsthemen. In diesem Fall zählt dazu das Semantic Web, an dem momentan sehr intensiv geforscht wird. Das Semantic Web will das Unbehagen mit der Anarchie im Netz und daraus folgenden Problemen für die Suchmaschinen überwinden, indem das gesamte Wissen im Web auch explizit als solches gekennzeichnet wird. Tauchen auf einer WebSeite zwei Namen auf und einer ist der des Autors und der andere der eines Sponsors, so erlauben neue Technologien, diese auch als solche zu bezeichnen. Noch wichtiger, wie in einer Datenbank sollen nun Abfragen möglich sein, welche andere Seiten aus dem Web liefen, die z.B. den gleichen Sponsor, aber einen anderen Autor haben. Dieser Thematik widmen sich etwa Hendler & Feigenbaum. Das Semantic Web stellt ein Ouerschnittsthema dar, da dafür neue Technologien (Mizoguchi) und ein neuartiges Informationsmanagement erforderlich sind (z.B. Stuckenschmidt & van Harmelen), die Suchverfahren angepasst werden und natürlich auch auf die Benutzer neue Herausforderungen zukommen. Diesem Aspekt, inwieweit Benutzer solche Anfragen überhaupt stellen werden, widmet sich in diesem Band übrigens niemand ernsthaft. Im Folgenden sollen die einzelnen Themengebiete anhand der im Band enthaltenen Inhalte näher bestimmt werden, bevor abschließend der Versuch eines Resümees erfolgt.

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Date

22. 3.2008 12:21:28

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Classification

303.48/33 22 (LoC)

DDC

303.48/33 22 (LoC)

Editor

Morgan, K. u.a.

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Editor

Calhoun, K. u. J.J. Riemer

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Date

22. 3.2008 16:18:27

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Date

22.10.2006 10:22:33

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Part 1: Beyond stand-alone indexes: embedded indexing: WRIGHT; J.C.: The world of embedded indexing; MONCRIEF, L.: Indexing computer-related documents - Part 2: Beyond the book: Web indexing: WALKER, D.: Subject-oriented Web indexing; BROCCOLI, K. u. G.V. RAVENSWAAY: Web indexing - anchors away; MAISLIN, S.: Ripping out the pages; ROWLAND, M.J.: Plunging in: Creating a Web site index for an online newsletter - Part 3: Special topics in computer-based indexing: ROWLAND, M.J.: <Meta> tags; WOODS. X.B.: Envisioning the word: Multimedia CD-ROM indexing; HOLBERT, S.: How to index Windows-based online help - Part 4: Beyond traditional marketing - selling yourself in hyperspace: ROWLAND, M.J.: Web site design for indexers; RICE, R.: Putting sample indexes on your Web site; CONNOLLY, D.A.: The many uses of Email discussion lists

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Date

22. 3.2004 14:46:50

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Footnote

Connected not only poses the "problem of connection," but also seeks, through Shaviro's scattered mode of critical analysis, to pose new ways of intervening in and viewing connections of all sorts. It does not work. Most of the time, Shaviro's efforts to il illuminate the "connections" never rise above a random, technophilic pastiche, lacking any powerful synthesis but often overflowing with the academic version of New Age babble. (It is ironic that Shaviro is concerned with the "problem of connection," because Connected is largely inaccessible to readers who have not read the novels of Samuel Delany, Philip K. Dick, William Gibson, and several other science fiction novelists, or seen the films in The Matrix series.) For example, Shaviro thinks that everything "flows." He writes: In postmodern society, everything flows. There are flows of commodities, flows of expressions, flows of embodiment, and flows of affect. The organizing material of each flow is a universal equivalent: money, information, DNA, or LSD. But how are these flows related among themselves? Strictly speaking, they should interchangeable. All the equivalents should themselves be mutually equivalent. (p. 193) This is, of course, patent nonsense. More to the point, it is one of many passages in Conneeted that has the ring of authority, but little else. In the midst of rising concerns over computer security, personal privacy, and freedom of expression, how much significance should we assign to Shaviro's assertion that the user's relationship to the network is like the junkie's need for heroin, as described by William Burroughs in The Naked Lunch? Or the claim that Microsoft's design for the "Horne of the Future" is part of a middle-class plot to repress itself sexually? Or the recommendation that a novel of the future in which copyright violators are put to death is a harbinger of things to come? In the end, a generous reading might conclude that Connected is an experimental meditation an the relevance of science fiction, whereas a less generous view would be that the author's misguided preoccupation with literary effect resulted in a book that never makes an effective case for the writers we are supposed to take so seriously."

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).

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