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Footnote

Connected not only poses the "problem of connection," but also seeks, through Shaviro's scattered mode of critical analysis, to pose new ways of intervening in and viewing connections of all sorts. It does not work. Most of the time, Shaviro's efforts to il illuminate the "connections" never rise above a random, technophilic pastiche, lacking any powerful synthesis but often overflowing with the academic version of New Age babble. (It is ironic that Shaviro is concerned with the "problem of connection," because Connected is largely inaccessible to readers who have not read the novels of Samuel Delany, Philip K. Dick, William Gibson, and several other science fiction novelists, or seen the films in The Matrix series.) For example, Shaviro thinks that everything "flows." He writes: In postmodern society, everything flows. There are flows of commodities, flows of expressions, flows of embodiment, and flows of affect. The organizing material of each flow is a universal equivalent: money, information, DNA, or LSD. But how are these flows related among themselves? Strictly speaking, they should interchangeable. All the equivalents should themselves be mutually equivalent. (p. 193) This is, of course, patent nonsense. More to the point, it is one of many passages in Conneeted that has the ring of authority, but little else. In the midst of rising concerns over computer security, personal privacy, and freedom of expression, how much significance should we assign to Shaviro's assertion that the user's relationship to the network is like the junkie's need for heroin, as described by William Burroughs in The Naked Lunch? Or the claim that Microsoft's design for the "Horne of the Future" is part of a middle-class plot to repress itself sexually? Or the recommendation that a novel of the future in which copyright violators are put to death is a harbinger of things to come? In the end, a generous reading might conclude that Connected is an experimental meditation an the relevance of science fiction, whereas a less generous view would be that the author's misguided preoccupation with literary effect resulted in a book that never makes an effective case for the writers we are supposed to take so seriously."

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Date

22. 3.2004 14:46:50

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).