Search (83 results, page 1 of 5)

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Content

Inhalt: Part I ---Classification and Its Evolution 11. First sense --Primitive use 12. Second sense---Common use 13. Third sense--- Library classification 14. Field of knowledge 15. Enumerative classification 16. Analytico-synthetic classification 17. Uses of analytico-synthetic classification 18. Depth -classification --Confession of a faith Part 2---Communication 21. Co-operative living 22. Communication and language 23. Commercial contact 24. Political understanding 25. Literary exchange 26. Spiritual communion 27. Cultural concord 28. Intellectual team -work Part 3---Classification and Its Future 31. Domains in communication 32. Domain of classification 33. Time-and Space-Facets 34. Preliminary schedules 35. Energy-Facet 36. Matter-Facet 37. Personality -Facet 38. Research and Organisation

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Date

22.10.2006 10:22:33

Footnote

Rez. in: nfd 54(2003) H.8, S.497 (T. Mandl): "Gesetze der digitalen Anarchie - Hyperlinks im Internet entstehen als Ergebnis sozialer Prozesse und können auch als formaler Graph im Sinne der Mathematik interpretiert werden. Die Thematik Hyperlinks ist im Information Retrieval höchst aktuell, da Suchmaschinen die Link-Struktur bei der Berechnung ihrer Ergebnisse berücksichtigen. Algorithmen zur Bestimmung des "guten Rufs" einer Seite wie etwa PageRank von Google gewichten eine Seite höher, wenn viele links auf sie verweisen. Zu den neuesten Erkenntnissen über die Netzwerkstruktur des Internets liegen zwei sehr gut lesbare Bücher vor. Der Autor des ersten Buchs, der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Huberman, ist Leiter einer Forschungsabteilung bei Hewlett Packard. Huberman beschreibt in seinem Buch zunächst die Geschichte des Internet als technologische Revolution und gelangt dann schnell zu dessen Evolution und den darin vorherrschenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen. Oberraschenderweise treten im Internet häufig power-law Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen auf, die der Zipf'schen Verteilung ähneln. Auf diese sehr ungleichen Aufteilungen etwa von eingehenden HypertextLinks oder Surfern pro Seite im Internet bezieht sich der Titel des Buchs. Diese immer wieder auftretenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen scheinen geradezu ein Gesetz des Internet zu bilden. So gibt es z.B. viele Sites mit sehr wenigen Seiten und einige wenige mit Millionen von Seiten, manche Seiten werden selten besucht und andere ziehen einen Großteil des Internet-Verkehrs auf sich, auf die meisten Seiten verweisen sehr wenige Links während auf einige wenige populäre Seiten Millionen von Links zielen. Das vorletzte Kapitel widmen übrigens beide Autoren den Märkten im Internet. Spätestens hier werden die wirtschaftlichen Aspekte von Netzwerken deutlich. Beide Titel führen den Leser in die neue Forschung zur Struktur des Internet als Netzwerk und sind leicht lesbar. Beides sind wissenschaftliche Bücher, wenden sich aber auch an den interessierten Laien. Das Buch von Barabási ist etwas aktueller, plauderhafter, länger, umfassender und etwas populärwissenschaftlicher."

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Content

Part I: The historical turn 1. The philosophy of classification 2. A primer of biological taxonomy 3. History and classification Part II: The multiplicity of nature 4. Species pluralism 5. How to be a discerning pluralist Part III: Hierarchies and nomenclature 6. The evolution of the Linnaean hierarchy 7. Post-Linnaean taxonomy 8. The future of biological nomenclature

Footnote

Rez. in: KO 35(2008) no.4, S.255-259 (B. Hjoerland): "This book was published in 2000 simultaneously in hardback and as an electronic resource, and, in 2007, as a paperback. The author is a professor of philosophy at the University of Calgary, Canada. He has an impressive list of contributions, mostly addressing issues in biological taxonomy such as units of evolution, natural kinds and the species concept. The book is a scholarly criticism of the famous classification system developed by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). This system consists of both a set of rules for the naming of living organisms (biological nomenclature) and principles of classification. Linné's system has been used and adapted by biologists over a period of almost 250 years. Under the current system of codes, it is now applied to more than two million species of organisms. Inherent in the Linnaean system is the indication of hierarchic relationships. The Linnaean system has been justified primarily on the basis of stability. Although it has been criticized and alternatives have been suggested, it still has its advocates (e.g., Schuh, 2003). One of the alternatives being developed is The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known as the PhyloCode for short, a system that radically alters the current nomenclatural rules. The new proposals have provoked hot debate on nomenclatural issues in biology. . . ."

RSWK

Art / Evolution / Aufsatzsammlung (BVB)

Subject

Art / Evolution / Aufsatzsammlung (BVB)

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Abstract

Are we at a turning point in digital information? The expansion of the internet was unprecedented; search engines dealt with it in the only way possible - scan as much as they could and throw it all into an inverted index. But now search engines are beginning to experiment with deep web searching and attention to taxonomies, and the semantic web is demonstrating how much more can be done with a computer if you give it knowledge. What does this mean for the skills and focus of the information science (or sciences) community? Should information designers and information managers work more closely to create computer based information systems for more effective retrieval? Will information science become part of computer science and does the rise of the term informatics demonstrate the convergence of information science and information technology - a convergence that must surely develop in the years to come? Issues and questions such as these are reflected in this monograph, a collection of essays written by some of the most pre-eminent contributors to the discipline. These peer reviewed perspectives capture insights into advances in, and facets of, information science, a profession in transition. With an introduction from Jack Meadows the key papers are: Meeting the challenge, by Brian Vickery; The developing foundations of information science, by David Bawden; The last 50 years of knowledge organization, by Stella G Dextre Clarke; On the history of evaluation in IR, by Stephen Robertson; The information user, by Tom Wilson A; The sociological turn in information science, by Blaise Cronin; From chemical documentation to chemoinformatics, by Peter Willett; Health informatics, by Peter A Bath; Social informatics and sociotechnical research, by Elisabeth Davenport; The evolution of visual information retrieval, by Peter Enser; Information policies, by Elizabeth Orna; Disparity in professional qualifications and progress in information handling, by Barry Mahon; Electronic scholarly publishing and open access, by Charles Oppenheim; Social software: fun and games, or business tools? by Wendy A Warr; and, Bibliometrics to webometrics, by Mike Thelwall. This monograph previously appeared as a special issue of the "Journal of Information Science", published by Sage. Reproduced here as a monograph, this important collection of perspectives on a skill set in transition from a prestigious line-up of authors will now be available to information studies students worldwide and to all those working in the information science field.

Content

Inhalt: Fifty years of UK research in information science - Jack Meadows / Smoother pebbles and the shoulders of giants: the developing foundations of information science - David Bawden / The last 50 years of knowledge organization: a journey through my personal archives - Stella G. Dextre Clarke / On the history of evaluation in IR - Stephen Robertson / The information user: past, present and future - Tom Wilson / The sociological turn in information science - Blaise Cronin / From chemical documentation to chemoinformatics: 50 years of chemical information science - Peter Willett / Health informatics: current issues and challenges - Peter A. Bath / Social informatics and sociotechnical research - a view from the UK - Elisabeth Davenport / The evolution of visual information retrieval - Peter Enser / Information policies: yesterday, today, tomorrow - Elizabeth Orna / The disparity in professional qualifications and progress in information handling: a European perspective - Barry Mahon / Electronic scholarly publishing and Open Access - Charles Oppenheim / Social software: fun and games, or business tools ? - Wendy A. Warr / Bibliometrics to webometrics - Mike Thelwall / How I learned to love the Brits - Eugene Garfield

Date

22. 2.2013 11:35:35

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Abstract

The information appliance has been portrayed as the next step in the evolution of the consumer-oriented computer. This is largely due to the fact that it, unlike a desktop computer, is built to perform a specific task or set of tasks, and thus to fit less intrusively into daily life. Information Appliances and Beyond contains a number of separate articles, each discussing how one of these products was designed, and the lessons that were learned by their designers. Although the devices discussed in this book differ widely-chapters on interactive toys, video games, and cellular phones are included-a number of common design themes emerge

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 30(2003) no.1, S.42-44 (D. Mercier): "This work is a collection of lecture notes following the 22"d Sarada Ranganathan Endowment Lectures which took place in Bangalore, India, from 4-6 December 2000. This compilation has been divided into four sections: historical introduction, compilation of several definitions about knowledge and its management, impacts of knowledge management (KM) an information professionals and, review of information technologies as tools for knowledge management. The aim of this book is to provide "a succinct overview of various aspects of knowledge management, particularly in companies" (p. v). Each chapter focuses an a dominant text in a specific area. Most of the quoted authors are known consultants in KM. Each chapter is similarly handled: a review of a dominant book, some subject matter from a few other consultants and, last but not least, comments an a few broadly cited cases. Each chapter is uneven with regards to the level of detail provided, and ending summaries, which would have been useful, are missing. The book is structured in two parts containing five chapters each. The first part is theoretical, the second deals with knowledge workers and technologies. Haravu begins the first chapter with a historical overview of information and knowledge management (IKM) essentially based an the review previously made by Drucker (1999). Haravu emphasises the major facts and events of the discipline from the industrial revolution up to the advent of the knowledge economy. On the whole, this book is largely technology-oriented. The lecturer presents micro-economic factors contributing to the economic perspective of knowledge management, focusing an the existing explicit knowledge. This is Haravu's prevailing perspective. He then offers a compilation of definitions from Allee (1997) and Sveiby (1997), both known for their contribution in the area of knowledge evaluation. As many others, Haravu confirms his assumption regarding the distinction between information and knowledge, and the knowledge categories: explicit and tacit, both actions oriented and supported by rules (p. 43). The SECI model (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995), also known as "knowledge conversion spiral" is described briefly, and the theoretically relational dimension between individual and collectivities is explained. Three SECI linked concepts appear to be missing: contexts in movement, intellectual assets and leadership.
On the other hand, from the economic perspective of knowledge management, the role of technology is dominant. The last chapter presents, in details, tools and technologies used by, or potentially useful to, KM practitioners. This chapter discusses the Tiwana (2000) framework and cases. This framework has several meta-component categories: knowledge flow, information mapping, information sources, information and knowledge exchange, and intelligent agent and network mining. In summarizing the Tiwana (2000) study, Haravu gives generic characteristics to the most prevailing tools. To downplay the predominance of technologies, Haravu concludes his book with a discussion of three KM technology myths. This compilation of notes is a real patchwork with some sewing mistakes. In order to be able to read and understand it better, one would have to rewrite a detailed table of contents since many numbering errors and incoherence appear in all the chapters. Levels of details are different in each chapter. As one reads along, many details are repeated. Bibliographic references are incomplete and there are no citations for figures or tables. This book looks like a draft companion for those who attended the lecture, but it is not clear why it becomes available as late as two years after the event. KM is a new discipline in constant evolution. In contrast, the book seems to be a demonstration of a mature and stable discipline. In this publication, Haravu fails to display the plurality of paradigmatic KM dimensions, challenges and opportunities. The compilation is not original and reflects the very traditional style of the first generation of KM specialists. Following thousands of books and articles written about KM, this compilation still Shows a systematic or economic perspective of KM, in which the systemic approach is omitted and KM duality ignored. Annotated bibliographies are to be preferred to Haravu's patchwork."

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Date

22. 3.2008 18:18:53

Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 30(2003) no.2, S.112-113 (L. Bowker): "Terminology is generally understood to be the activity that is concerned with the identification, collection and processing of terms; terms are the lexical items used to describe concepts in specialized subject fields Terminology is not always acknowledged as a discipline in its own right; it is sometimes considered to be a subfield of related disciplines such as lexicography or translation. However, a growing number of researchers are beginning to argue that terminology should be recognized as an autonomous discipline with its own theoretical underpinnings. Kageura's book is a valuable contribution to the formulation of a theory of terminology and will help to establish this discipline as an independent field of research. The general aim of this text is to present a theory of term formation and terminological growth by identifying conceptual regularities in term creation and by laying the foundations for the analysis of terminological growth patterns. The approach used is a descriptive one, which means that it is based an observations taken from a corpus. It is also synchronic in nature and therefore does not attempt to account for the evolution of terms over a given period of time (though it does endeavour to provide a means for predicting possible formation patterns of new terms). The descriptive, corpus-based approach is becoming very popular in terminology circles; however, it does pose certain limitations. To compensate for this, Kageura complements his descriptive analysis of conceptual patterns with a quantitative analysis of the patterns of the growth of terminology. Many existing investigations treat only a limited number of terms, using these for exemplification purposes. Kageura argues strongly (p. 31) that any theory of terms or terminology must be based an the examination of the terminology of a domain (i.e., a specialized subject field) in its entirety since it is only with respect to an individual domain that the concept of "term" can be established. To demonstrate the viability of his theoretical approach, Kageura has chosen to investigate and describe the domain of documentation, using Japanese terminological data. The data in the corpus are derived from a glossary (Wersig and Neveling 1984), and although this glossary is somewhat outdated (a fact acknowledged by the author), the data provided are nonetheless sufficient for demonstrating the viability of the approach, which can later be extended and applied to other languages and domains.

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Abstract

This book is about the interrelationship between nature, semiosis, metarepresentation and (self-)consciousness, and the role played by metarepresentation in evolution. Representations must have emerged via self-organization from non-representational systems (found in physics, chemistry and biology). Major steps have been the evolution of molecules, macromolecules, life, and finally cultural and symbolic systems. Representations and signs are therefore parts of a huge, possibly branching «ladder of beings». Metarepresentations - images representing images, language about language and language-use, thoughts about thoughts - constitute a fascinating theme within such diverse areas of research as philosophy, literature, theology, anthropology and history, neuroscience, psychology and linguistics. The contributions to this book reflect this variety of different, but often interrelated perspectives on metarepresentation. They also exemplify the difficulties of a truly interdisciplinary discourse and show how one may start such a discourse in the field of semiotics, understood as a meta-discipline which brings together all scientific enterprises dealing with human mind and human culture.

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Abstract

This is an important collection of studies and essays examining the history and concepts concerning the development and evolution of the "digital divide" as a reality and as an idea. The work's editor, Benjamin Compaine, states up front that he is skeptical of whole digital divide concept. Although the collection includes materials from a variety of views, Compaine warns the book will not settle issues. Compaine's hope is that his collection will encourage people to believe the digital divide will fix itself quicker than any program. Digital Divide is composed of 20 chapters and divided into five parts. For each "Part" Compaine provides a brief introduction and explanation for its chapters. The contributors come from diverse backgrounds bringing the collection breadth and depth. Compaine list 27 authors from different academic fields, newspapers, research institutions, and companies. Because the work is a collection authored by such a variety of people, each chapter has individual strengths and weaknesses. Overall, however, the chapters flow in a logical order and are very readable. Although most authors cover a good bit of statistical data and analysis, which can tend to bog down the flow of the narrative, the majority of the authors make use of tables and charts to relay their statistical data to the reader. Thus, the research data is provided but is less disruptive to the narrative making the text much easier to read as a whole.

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Content

Table of Contents: Evolution of Multimedia Information Systems: 1990-2008 / Survey of Automatic Metadata Creation Methods / Refinement of Automatic Metadata / Multimedia Surrogates / End-User Utility for Metadata and Surrogates: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Satisfaction

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Classification

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.1, S.151-152 (R. Gazan): "Anyone who has ever struggled to describe social informatics to a skeptical colleague or a room full of students will appreciate this clear and well-organized introduction to the field. It is at once a literature review, a teaching guide, and an outreach manifesto for integrating the social aspects of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into system design, analysis, and research. The context of this book is of particular importance. Rob Kling founded social informatics as a research field, and led the creation of the Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University. Kling pinpoints 1996 as the year when his long-simmering ideas coalesced into social informatics, though in the Foreword, William H. Dutton argues that the birth date of the field was actually more than a decade earlier. Kling, Howard Rosenbaum, and Steve Sawyer worked on this book intermittently for years, but upon Kling's death in May 2003, Rosenbaum and Sawyer completed the work. Under the circumstances, the book could easily have become a festschrift or celebration of Kling's career, but the authors maintain tight focus on the findings and applicability of social informatics research throughout. While much of Kling's work is cited, and very little of it critiqued, overall there is a good balance and synthesis of diverse approaches to social informatics research. Creating a conceptual critical mass around an idea like social informatics is only the first phase in its evolution. The initial working definition of social informatics-"the interdisciplinary study of the design, uses and consequences of ICTs that takes into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts" (p. 6)-was developed at a seminal 1997 workshop, and background information about the workshop's participants and process is summarized in two brief appendices. The results of this workshop yielded a raft of empirical studies, and at this point in the development of social informatics, the authors' focus on applying and extending the results of these initial studies is particularly well-timed. The authors identify a disconnect between popular, professional, and scholarly discourse on how ICTs coevolve with organizations, institutions, and society, and they aim to bridge this gap by providing a "pointer to the practical value of the scholarship on organizational and societal effects of computerization" (p. 3).

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Content

Inhalt: Session 1 A: Theoretical Foundations of Knowledge Organization 1 Hanne Albrechtsen, Hans H K Andersen, Bryan Cleal and Annelise Mark Pejtersen: Categorical complexity in knowledge integration: empirical evaluation of a cross-cultural film research collaboratory; Clare Beghtol: Naive classification systems and the global information society; Terence R Smith and Marcia L Zeng: Concept maps supported by knowledge organization structures; B: Linguistic and Cultural Approaches to Knowledge Organization 1 Rebecca Green and Lydia Fraser: Patterns in verbal polysemy; Maria J López-Huertas, MarioBarite and Isabel de Torres: Terminological representation of specialized areas in conceptual structures: the case of gender studies; Fidelia Ibekwe-SanJuan and Eric SanJuan: Mining for knowledge chunks in a terminology network Session 2 A: Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Representation 1 Jin-Cheon Na, Haiyang Sui, Christopher Khoo, Syin Chan and Yunyun Zhou: Effectiveness of simple linguistic processing in automatic sentiment classification of product reviews; Daniel J O'Keefe: Cultural literacy in a global information society-specific language: an exploratory ontological analysis utilizing comparative taxonomy; Lynne C Howarth: Modelling a natural language gateway to metadata-enabled resources; B: Theoretical Foundations of Knowledge Organization 2: Facets & Their Significance Ceri Binding and Douglas Tudhope: Integrating faceted structure into the search process; Vanda Broughton and Heather Lane: The Bliss Bibliographic Classification in action: moving from a special to a universal faceted classification via a digital platform; Kathryn La Barre: Adventures in faceted classification: a brave new world or a world of confusion? Session 3 A: Theoretical Foundations of Knowledge Organization 3 Elin K Jacob: The structure of context: implications of structure for the creation of context in information systems; Uta Priss: A semiotic-conceptual framework for knowledge representation Giovanni M Sacco; Accessing multimedia infobases through dynamic taxonomies; Joseph T Tennis: URIS and intertextuality: incumbent philosophical commitments in the development of the semantic web; B: Social & Sociological Concepts in Knowledge Organization Grant Campbell: A queer eye for the faceted guy: how a universal classification principle can be applied to a distinct subculture; Jonathan Furner and Anthony W Dunbar: The treatment of topics relating to people of mixed race in bibliographic classification schemes: a critical ace-theoretic approach; H Peter Ohly: The organization of Internet links in a social science clearing house; Chern Li Liew: Cross-cultural design and usability of a digital library supporting access to Maori cultural heritage resources: an examination of knowledge organization issues; Session 4 A: Knowledge Organization of Universal and Special Systems 1: Dewey Decimal Classification Sudatta Chowdhury and G G Chowdhury: Using DDC to create a visual knowledge map as an aid to online information retrieval; Joan S Mitchell: DDC 22: Dewey in the world, the world in Dewey; Diane Vizine-Goetz and Julianne Beall: Using literary warrant to define a version of the DDCfor automated classification services; B: Applications in Knowledge Representation 2 Gerhard J A Riesthuis and Maja Zumer: FRBR and FRANAR: subject access; Victoria Frâncu: An interpretation of the FRBR model; Moshe Y Sachs and Richard P Smiraglia: From encyclopedism to domain-based ontology for knowledge management: the evolution of the Sachs Classification (SC); Session 5 A: Knowledge Organization of Universal and Special Systems 2 Ágnes Hajdu Barát: Knowledge organization of the Universal Decimal Classification: new solutions, user friendly methods from Hungary; Ia C McIlwaine: A question of place; Aida Slavic and Maria Inês Cordeiro: Core requirements for automation of analytico-synthetic classifications;

Footnote

Das Rahmenthema der Tagung kam aufgrund des vor und nach der ISKO-Konferenz abgehaltenen "UN World Summit an an Information Society" zustande. Im Titel des Buches ist die "globale Wissensgesellschaft" freilich eher irreführend, da keiner der darin abgedruckten Beiträge zentral davon handelt. Der eine der beiden Vorträge, die den Begriff selbst im Titel anführen, beschäftigt sich mit der Konstruktion einer Taxonomie für "cultural literacy" (O'Keefe), der andere mit sogenannten "naiven Klassifikationssystemen" (Beghtol), d.h. solchen, die im Gegensatz zu "professionellen" Systemen von Personen ohne spezifisches Interesse an klassifikatorischen Fragen entwickelt wurden. Beiträge mit "multi-kulti"-Charakter behandeln etwa Fragen wie - kulturübergreifende Arbeit, etwa beim EU-Filmarchiv-Projekt Collate (Albrechtsen et al.) oder einem Projekt zur Maori-Kultur (Liew); - Mehrsprachigkeit bzw. Übersetzung, z.B. der koreanischen Dezimalklassifikation (Kwasnik & Chun), eines auf der Sears ListofSubject Headings basierenden slowenischen Schlagwortvokabulars (Zalokar), einer spanisch-englischen Schlagwortliste für Gesundheitsfragen (Rosemblat et al.); - universelle Klassifikationssysteme wie die Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation (Joan Mitchell über die DDC 22, sowie zwei weitere Beiträge) und die Internationale Dezimalklassifikation (la McIlwaine über Geographika, Nancy Williamson über Alternativ- und Komplementärmedizin in der UDC). Unter den 55 Beiträgen finden sich folgende - aus der Sicht des Rezensenten - besonders interessante thematische "Cluster": - OPAC-orientierte Beiträge, etwa über die Anforderungen bei derAutomatisierung analytisch-synthetischer Klassifikationssysteme (Slavic & Cordeiro) sowie Beiträge zu Benutzerforschung und -verhalten (Lee & Clyde; Miller); - Erschliessung und Retrieval von visuellen bzw. multimedialen Ressourcen, insbesondere mit Ausrichtung auf Thesauri (Hudin; Garcia Jimenez & De Valle Gastaminza; Rafferty & Hidderley); - Thesaurus-Standards (Dextre Clark et al.), Thesauri und Endbenutzer (Shiri & Revie); - Automatisches Klassifizieren (Vizine-Goetz & Beall mit Bezug auf die DDC; Na et al. über methodische Ansätze bei der Klassifizierung von Produktbesprechungen nach positiven bzw. negativen Gefühlsäusserungen); - Beiträge über (hierzulande) weniger bekannte Systeme wie Facettenklassifikation einschliesslich der Bliss-Klassifikation sowie der Umsetzung der Ideen von Ranganathan durch E.J. Coates (vier Vorträge), die Sachs-Klassifikation (Sachs & Smiraglia) sowie M. S. van der Walts Schema zur Klassifizierung elektronischer Dokumente in Klein- und Mittelbetrieben. Auch die übrigen Beiträge sind mehrheitlich interessant geschrieben und zeugen vom fachlichen Qualitätsstandard der ISKO-Konferenzen. Der Band kann daher bibliothekarischen bzw. informationswissenschaftlichen Ausbildungseinrichtungen sowie Bibliotheken mit Sammelinteresse für Literatur zu Klassifikationsfragen ausdrücklich empfohlen werden. Ausserdem darf der nächsten (= neunten) internationalen ISKO-Konferenz, die 2006 in Wien abgehalten werden soll, mit Interesse entgegengesehen werden.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.6, S.658-659 (L..E. Harris): "The twenty-eight essays in Benchmarks in Distance Education chronicle the historically significant developments of library and information science's (LIS) tradition in distance education, also known as distributed learning. Twenty-seven programs are represented in the text, geographically ranging from C. Herbert Carson's "The University of Rhode Island Regional Program Distance Education in New England" to Leigh Estabrook's "Distance Education at the University of Illinois" to Violet H. Harada's "Distance Learning at the University of Hawai'i: Serving the Underserved in an Island State." There are discussions of programs for individual institutions, such as "A Tradition of Innovation: The Syracuse University Experience," by Ruth V. Small and Barbara Settel; for statewide programs, such as "OhioLEARN: Distributed Education in Library and Information Science at Kent State University," by Danny P. Wallace and Connie Van Fleet; for cross-state joint programs, such as Mary Wagner and Prudence Dalrymple's "Dominican University (River Forest, IL) and the College of St. Catherine (St. Paul, MN) Distance Learning Experience; and even discussions of separate programs within the same state, such as Jane Pearlmutter's "Distance Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Library and Information Studies" and "The Evolution of Distance Learning at the School of Information Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee" by Wilfred Fong, Judith Senkevitch, and Dietmar Wolfram. Each essay was independently written and varies widely in format, designation of key issues, and comprehensiveness. Some place the development of distance education in the context of the historical development of LIS in the specific institution. Others focus an the technology, while still others approach the discussion from a pedagogical perspective. Alma Dawson, in "The School of Library and Information Science at Louisiana State University: Distance Education Program," provides a chronological timetable of specific course offerings from 1947 and includes a projected listing of courses through 2007 in a set of appendices. Barron's "Introduction" provides a useful framework for approaching the benchmark cases. First, there is a synthesized definition of distance education "as the study and practice of education in environments where the learner and teacher are separated by time and distance but are connected by technology and commitmenC (p. xi). He goes an to clarify terminology: "Distance education can be argued to be a subset of a more comprehensive concept, distributed education, a term that is generally accepted as referring to all elements of the academic experience that is enhanced by information technology applications" (p. xi). The introduction is completed through an historical overview of early technological efforts in LIS distance education, including correspondence study, extension efforts, and telecommunication delivery. The volume concludes with an index useful to locating specific topical information located through the essays. Despite (or perhaps as a result of) the depth and breadth of the case studies, this reviewer found nine common threads, which are repeated in some shape or form within each essay: - Technology - Pedagogy - Faculty issues - Political/organization/institutional concerns - Student issues - Support services - Economic considerations - Research and evaluation - The future of LIS distance education ...
Overall, the value of this volume cannot be disputed. The case studies provide a rich historical tapestry, not only of the evolution of LIS distance education specifically, but of the role LIS has played in the development of distance education, or distributed learning, in general. Researchers in LIS and distance education will find an historical context in which to place their current work. Students in LIS will benefit from exposure to the various models and paths of development for distance education. There are undoubtedly more than the ten threads of interest relevant to LIS distance education, and what is essential is the continued discussion of these and other elements. LIS must attend to the unanswered questions regarding distance education; the questions only hinted at in this broad array of institution-specific essays. Hopefully, these benchmarks are just the first to be preserved. Further editions of Benchmarks in Distance Education: The LIS Experience need to, indeed must, be written to further elucidate, illustrate, and preserve the LIS heritage."

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Content

Papers presented from 1999 to 2003 at the Kanazawa Institute of Technology (KIT) International Roundtable on Library and Information Science. - Inhalt: The future according to the past : future library issues in historical perspective / Stanley Chodorow -- The emergence of digital scholarship : new models for librarians, scholars, and publishers / John Unsworth -- Information technology and teaching : are they friends or foes? / Richard A. Detweiler -- Document delivery in the digital library / C. Lee Jones -- Climb every mountain : developing organizational capacity for the realization of digital libraries / Winston Tabb -- The research library as publisher : new roles in a new environment for scholarly communication / Carol A. Mandel -- Copyright in the United States and Japan : storming the barriers to access / Paula Kaufman -- Reading and interactivity in the digital library : creating an experience that transcends paper / Catherine C. Marshall -- JSTOR : offering access to an archives of scholarly journal literature / Kevin M. Guthrie -- The continuing evolution of the University of Virginia Library's digital initiatives / Karin Wittenborg -- Digitization and change in mathematics scholarship / Sarah E. Thomas -- Realities and choices for academic libraries in a networked world / Betty G. Bengtson -- Creating the digital library : the importance of faculty collaboration / James G. Neal -- Collections in the digital library / Abby Smith -- Library space in the digital age / Nicholas C. Burckel -- The place of libraries in a digital age / David M. Levy.

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Enthält die Beiträge: Blake, V.L.P.: Forging the Anglo-American Cataloging Alliance: descriptive cataloging, 1830-1908; M. Carpenter, M.: The original 73 rules of the British Museum: a preliminary analysis; De Rijk Spanhoff, E.: Principle issues: catalog paradigms, old and new; Mutula, S.M., Tsvakai, M.: Historical perspectives of cataloguing and classification; Barber, E.E., Tripaldi, N.M., Pisano, S.L.: Facts, approaches, and reflections an classification in the history of Argentine librarianship; MirandaArguedas, A.: Standardization of technical processes in Central American Libraries; Steinhagen, EN.: Historical perspective of a union catalog in Chile: authorities and periodicals; Liu, S.Q., Shen, Z.G.: The development of cataloging in China; Popst, H.: The development of descriptive cataloging in Germany; Croissant, C.R.: RAK or AACR2? : the current discussion in Germany an cataloging rules; Soltani, P.: Historical aspects of cataloging and classification in Iran; Takawashi, T.: Cataloging in Japan: relationship between Japanese and Western cataloging rules; Martinez-Arellano, F.F.: Cataloging and classification history in Mexico; Carter, R.C.: Three book collectors of imperial Spain; Lincoln, T.: Cultural reassertion of Alaska native languages and cultures: libraries' responses; Descriptive standards and the archival profession; Shuler, J.A.: Foundations of government information and bibliographic control in the United States: 1789-1900; Zhou, L.: Characteristics of material organization and classification in the Kinsey Institute Library; Goldberg, J.E.: Development of a universal law classification: a retrospective an Library of Congress Class K; Lubas, R.L.: The evolution of bibliographic control of maps; Guthrie II, L.S.: Monastic cataloging and classification and the beginnings of Class B at the Library of Congress; Bradley, C.J.: Classifying and cataloguing music in American Libraries: a historical overview; Haddad, P.: Cataloging and classification of Pacific and Asian language materials at the National Library of Australia; Russell, B.M.: Description and access in rare books cataloging: a historical survey; Waithe, M.E., Vintro, M.E.: Posthumously plagiarizing Oliva Sabuco: an appeal to cataloging librarians; Walravens, H.: Serials cataloguing in Germany: the historical development; Smiraglia, R.P.: The history of The Work in the modern catalog.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2002, H.12, S.102-103 (W. Wickler): "Mit seinem letzten, schwergewichtigen Werk hat uns der kürzlich verstorbene Harvard-Professor und streitbare Autor Stephen Jay Gould ein sehr eigenwilliges Vermächtnis hinterlassen. Denn er präsentiert hier nicht etwa "die" Evolutionstheorie, sondern seine eigene, postdarwinistisch erweiterte Fassung derselben. Erweitert, indem er erstens die Weitergabe von Information als eigentliche Basis der Evolution leugnet und zweitens Konkurrenz um Ressourcen als wesentliches Element der natürlichen Selektion beiseite lässt. Das geschieht beiläufig irgendwo im Text und ist eingebettet in unterhaltsames bis detailbesessenes Rekapitulieren fremder wie eigener Denkwege. Ich greife diese beiden mir wichtigen Punkte heraus. Gould musste wissen, dass biologische Information in Genen kodiert ist und in Kopien der Gene weitergegeben wird. Entscheidend ist die Information, nicht das Material. Dennoch besteht Gould auf "material continuity throughout": Selbst wenn es gelänge, ein Lebewesen aus seinen Nukleotid-Sequenzen als Rohbausteinen zu synthetisieren und sich dieses in nichts von seinem natürlich erzeugten Vorbild unterschiede, dürfe man es nicht als Mitglied derselben Art ansehen. Er sagt weder, wie das bei Unkenntnis des Herstellungsweges zu vermeiden wäre, noch, welche andere Basis als die Information er denn für seine Evolutionstheorie in Anspruch nimmt. Gould weiß, dass die genetische Information Programme für Bau und Reaktionsweisen der Organismen liefert, dass das Individuum als Inkarnation der genetischen Information mit der Umwelt interagiert und dass die positiven und negativen Folgen dieser Interaktion darüber entscheiden, ob und wie oft seine Gene vervielfältigt werden. Das anerkennt er ausdrücklich als Selektion. Aber Gould ist Paläontologe, sieht Fossilreihen in datierten Schichten und findet Arten, die Millionen von Jahren unverändert bleiben, bis in einem Faunenbruch plötzlich die meisten verschwinden und nur wenige verbleibende zu einem Evolutionsschub beitragen. Die sprunghaften Änderungen will Gould mit Selektion auf höherer Ebene, von Populationen, Arten oder noch höheren taxonomischen Einheiten, erklären. Dabei bewertet er eine Einheit als umso erfolgreicher, je mehr Untereinheiten aus ihr hervorgehen. Der beste Beleg für Art-Selektion sei die Tatsache, dass verschiedene Arten sich mit unterschiedlichen Raten aufspalten. Heute gibt es vom Schimpansen zwei Arten, vom Menschen aber nur eine. Demnach wäre der Schimpanse evolutionär erfolgreicher als der Mensch? Darüber, wie Selektion auf Art-Ebene wirken kann, ohne an Merkmalen der Individuen anzusetzen, hat Gould während seiner ganzen Karriere am meisten nachgedacht, zuletzt anhand von Eigenschaften, die als "Emergenz" erst auf überindividueller Ebene auftreten, wie die Merkmalsvarianz. In seinem konstruierten Beispiel lässt er in einem verfaulenden Tümpel eine Fischart aussterben, deren Vertreter allesamt sauerstoffreiches Wasser brauchen, während von einem anderen Fisch mit größerer Kiemenfunktion-Varianz einige Individuen (!) überleben, die auch in schlechtem Wasser noch atmen können; ihre Nachkommen füllen später den wieder wohl belüfteten Tümpel. Nach Gould hat die Selektion die große interindividuelle Varianz der Kiemenfunktion belohnt. Aber: Viele Individuen sterben auch hier, und die Überlebenden verkörpern nur einen schmalen Ausschnitt der Varianz; vererben sie nur den an ihre Nachkommen, dann hat die Selektion genau das Merkmal zerstört, das sie angeblich belohnt hat. Vor allem aber: Art-Selektion spielt sich stets, wie schon ihr Erfinder Hugo de Vries 1905 betonte, zwischen Arten ein und derselben systematischen Einheit ab. Deswegen hat auch Gould zwei nahe verwandte Fischarten und nicht etwa Fisch gegen Wurm oder Krebs konkurrieren lassen. Er verschleiert mit vielen Worten, dass es in diesem Fall eben doch nur die relativ wenigen unterschiedlichen Gere sind, an denen die Selektion ansetzt, und nicht grundsätzlich verschiedene Systeme.
Und schließlich: Oft entscheidet die unbelebte Umwelt über die weitere Evolution einer taxonomischen Einheit. Man mag auch das Selektion nennen und muss dann jede Einheit für sich betrachten. Nach Darwins Konzept beruht die natürliche Selektion jedoch auf einer Konkurrenz um gemeinsam genutzte Ressourcen, bei dem ein Konkurrent seinen relativen Vorteil auf Kosten eines anderen erreicht. Der gemeinsame Tümpel in Goulds Beispiel erweckt zwar den Anschein von Konkurrenz, doch jede Art kämpft allein um ihr Dasein. Sauerstoffgehalt hat eher die Eigenschaften einer Temperatur als einer Nahrung: Er kann zwar lebensgefährlich niedrig sein, aber man kann ihn den anderen Individuen nicht wegfressen. Die angeblich konkurrierenden Arten aus Goulds Beispiel könnten ebenso gut in Tümpeln auf verschiedenen Kontinenten leben. Sein zweites Beispiel, in der die Populationsstruktur das emergente Merkmal ist, kann ebenfalls nicht überzeugen. Einigen brutpflegenden Meeresschnecken erlaubt angeblich die Abgrenzung örtlich isolierter Populationen eine höhere Artbildungsrate als den nicht-brutpflegenden Arten mit planktontischen Larven. Aber Brutpflege ist ein Merkmal des Individuums. Wieder ist von Konkurrenz keine Rede; es geht nur um die Anzahl registrierbarer Zweig-Arten wie in einer Reproduktions-Olympiade. Eine beherzigenswerte Erweiterung der Evolutionstheorie habe ich in dem Buch nicht gefunden. Immerhin: Ein unbezweifeltes Verdienst Goulds ist seine strikte Unterscheidung zwischen > selektionsverursachter Anpassung (Adaptation), > epiphänomenaler Passung (Zweckentfremdung, Exaptation), das heißt, dass ein bereits auf einen bestimmten Zweck adaptiertes Merkmal einem neuen Zweck dienstbar gemacht wird, und > zufälliger, Bauplan-inhärenter Eignung. Typisches Beispiel sind die sekundären Pflanzenstoffe: Abfallprodukte des Stoffwechsels, mit denen die Pflanze zunächst nichts anfangen kann, die ihr aber nützen, weil sie für Fressfeinde giftig sind. Gould nennt sie "spandrel" ("Spandrille", Bogenzwickel) nach einer Gewölbefläche im Markus-Dom in Venedig, die angeblich bautechnisch notwendig, aber obendrein zum Ausmalen mit einem ganz bestimmten Bild-Typ geeignet ist. Allerdings heißt solche Gewölbefläche architektonisch Hänge- oder Strebebogen (pendentive); und es gibt dazu eine bautechnische Alternative, den Stützbogen (squinch). Der aber lässt sich nicht so schön ausmalen. Also ist das pendentive eine Anpassung, aber Gould nennt sie spandrel und meint damit eine Nicht-Anpassung. Alles klar?"

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Footnote

Chapter two delves more deeply into the historical evolution of the concept of information literacy, and chapter three summarizes selected information literacy research. Researchers generally agree that information literacy is a process, rather than a set of skills to be learned (despite the unfortunate use of the word "skills" in the ALA definition). Researchers also generally agree that information literacy should be taught across the curriculum, as opposed to limiting it to the library or any other single educational context or discipline. Chapter four discusses economic ties to information literacy, suggesting that countries with information literate populations will better succeed economically in the current and future information-based world economy. A recent report issued by the Basic Education Coalition, an umbrella group of 19 private and nongovernmental development and relief organizations, supports this claim based an meta-analysis of large bodies of data collected by the World Bank, the United Nations, and other international organizations. Teach a Child, Transform a Nation (Basic Education Coalition, 2004) concluded that no modern nation has achieved sustained economic growth without providing near universal basic education for its citizens. It also concluded that countries that improve their literacy rates by 20 to 30% sec subsequent GDP increases of 8 to 16%. In light of the Coalition's finding that one fourth of adults in the world's developing countries are unable to read or write, the goal of worldwide information literacy seems sadly unattainable for the present, a present in which even universal basic literacy is still a pipedream. Chapter live discusses information literacy across the curriculum as an interpretation of national standards. The many examples of school and university information literacy programs, standards, and policies detailed throughout the volume world be very useful to educators and administrators engaging in program planning and review. For example, the authors explain that economics standards included in the Goals 2000: Educate America Act are comprised of 20 benchmark content standards. They quote a two-pronged grade 12 benchmark that first entails students being able to discuss how a high school senior's working 20 hours a week while attending school might result in a reduced overall lifetime income, and second requires students to be able to describe how increasing the federal minimum wage might result in reduced income for some workers. The authors tie this benchmark to information literacy as follows: "Economic decision making requires complex thinking skills because the variables involved are interdependent.
Lastly, chapter 10 considers possible future directions of the information literacy movement. The authors conclude "Our ability to be information literate depends an our willingness to be lifelong learners as we are challenged to master new, and as yet unknown, technologies that will surely alter the landscape of information in the future" (p. 177). Following the book's 10 chapters are a number of appendices that present information literacy standards and definitions, a timeline of the evolution of the information literacy movement, and a number of related bibliographies. Lead author Eisenberg is perhaps best known as the co-creator, with Bob Berkowitz, of the Big 6, an information literacy model. The model includes six components: Task Definition, Information Seeking Strategies, Location and Access, Use of Information, Synthesis, and Evaluation (Eisenberg, 2003). Throughout the book, Eisenberg and his co-authors show how the Big 6 model can be used to teach information literacy. For example, in chapter nine, "Technology and Information Literacy," they lay out each of the six model components, providing specific technological skills benchmarks for each, such as "Know the roles and computer expertise of the people working in the school library media center and elsewhere who might provide information or assistance" under step 3, "Location and Access" (p. 160). The many detailed descriptions of information literacy policies and programs that appear throughout the book make it most useful for educators, administrators, and policy makers involved in the teaching, planning, and development of information literacy programs, standards, and policies. Overall, this newly revised volume stands as one of the most comprehensive single available sources from which to begin a detailed investigation of the concept of information literacy."

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Content

Concepts and Language: The Role of Conceptual Structure in Human Evolution (Keith Devlin) - Concepts in Linguistics - Concepts in Natural Language (Gisela Harras) - Patterns, Schemata, and Types: Author Support through Formalized Experience (Felix H. Gatzemeier) - Conventions and Notations for Knowledge Representation and Retrieval (Philippe Martin) - Conceptual Ontology: Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics (John F. Sowa) - Pragmatically Yours (Mary Keeler) - Conceptual Modeling for Distributed Ontology Environments (Deborah L. McGuinness) - Discovery of Class Relations in Exception Structured Knowledge Bases (Hendra Suryanto, Paul Compton) - Conceptual Graphs: Perspectives: CGs Applications: Where Are We 7 Years after the First ICCS ? (Michel Chein, David Genest) - The Engineering of a CC-Based System: Fundamental Issues (Guy W. Mineau) - Conceptual Graphs, Metamodeling, and Notation of Concepts (Olivier Gerbé, Guy W. Mineau, Rudolf K. Keller) - Knowledge Representation and Reasonings: Based on Graph Homomorphism (Marie-Laure Mugnier) - User Modeling Using Conceptual Graphs for Intelligent Agents (James F. Baldwin, Trevor P. Martin, Aimilia Tzanavari) - Towards a Unified Querying System of Both Structured and Semi-structured Imprecise Data Using Fuzzy View (Patrice Buche, Ollivier Haemmerlé) - Formal Semantics of Conceptual Structures: The Extensional Semantics of the Conceptual Graph Formalism (Guy W. Mineau) - Semantics of Attribute Relations in Conceptual Graphs (Pavel Kocura) - Nested Concept Graphs and Triadic Power Context Families (Susanne Prediger) - Negations in Simple Concept Graphs (Frithjof Dau) - Extending the CG Model by Simulations (Jean-François Baget) - Contextual Logic and Formal Concept Analysis: Building and Structuring Description Logic Knowledge Bases: Using Least Common Subsumers and Concept Analysis (Franz Baader, Ralf Molitor) - On the Contextual Logic of Ordinal Data (Silke Pollandt, Rudolf Wille) - Boolean Concept Logic (Rudolf Wille) - Lattices of Triadic Concept Graphs (Bernd Groh, Rudolf Wille) - Formalizing Hypotheses with Concepts (Bernhard Ganter, Sergei 0. Kuznetsov) - Generalized Formal Concept Analysis (Laurent Chaudron, Nicolas Maille) - A Logical Generalization of Formal Concept Analysis (Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux) - On the Treatment of Incomplete Knowledge in Formal Concept Analysis (Peter Burmeister, Richard Holzer) - Conceptual Structures in Practice: Logic-Based Networks: Concept Graphs and Conceptual Structures (Peter W. Eklund) - Conceptual Knowledge Discovery and Data Analysis (Joachim Hereth, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille, Uta Wille) - CEM - A Conceptual Email Manager (Richard Cole, Gerd Stumme) - A Contextual-Logic Extension of TOSCANA (Peter Eklund, Bernd Groh, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille) - A Conceptual Graph Model for W3C Resource Description Framework (Olivier Corby, Rose Dieng, Cédric Hébert) - Computational Aspects of Conceptual Structures: Computing with Conceptual Structures (Bernhard Ganter) - Symmetry and the Computation of Conceptual Structures (Robert Levinson) An Introduction to SNePS 3 (Stuart C. Shapiro) - Composition Norm Dynamics Calculation with Conceptual Graphs (Aldo de Moor) - From PROLOG++ to PROLOG+CG: A CG Object-Oriented Logic Programming Language (Adil Kabbaj, Martin Janta-Polczynski) - A Cost-Bounded Algorithm to Control Events Generalization (Gaël de Chalendar, Brigitte Grau, Olivier Ferret)

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Subject access - Multilingual access Winfried Gödert: Ontological Spine, Localization and Multilingual Access - Lars G. Svensson: Unified Access - A Semantic Web Based Model for Multilingual Navigation in Heterogeneous Data Sources - Patrice Landry: The Evolution of Subject Heading Languages in Europe and their Impact on Subject Access Interoperability - Gerhard Riesthuis: Subject Searching in Merged Catalogues - Jessica Hubrich, Tina Mengel, Katrin Müller, Jan-Helge Jacobs: Improving Subject Access in Global Information Spaces - Christel Hengel: The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) - la C. Mcllwaine: Tongues of Men - Communication in an Electronic Age - Marie Balikova: Looking for the Best Way of Subject Access - Britta Woldering: Europeana - Mehrsprachiger Zugang zu Europas digitalem Kulturerbe - Ute Scharmann: 1001 Buchstabe oder Warum öffentliche Bibliotheken fremdsprachige Kinderliteratur bereithalten sollten Librarianship - Micellaneous Heidrun Wiesenmüller: Sacherschließung im Bachelorstudiengang Bibliotheks- und Informationsmanagement an der Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart - Dorothy McGarry: Magda Heiner-Freiling and Her Work in the IFLA Section on Classification and Indexing - Robert Zepf: Pour les generations présentes et future - For the Benefit of Present and Future Generations Heidrun Alex: Personalbibliografie Magda Heiner-Freiling

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 35(2008) no.4, S.251-254 (B. Hjoerland): "The book is about the classification of chemical elements known as the periodical system. It is described as "one of the most potent icons in science [.] One sees periodic tables everywhere: in industrial labs, workshops, academic labs, and of course, lecture halls" (p. xiii). Among all taxonomies in all domains, there is probably none more respected and more useful than this one. As Scerri states (p. 25): The periodic table ranks as one of the most fruitful and unifying ideas in the whole of modern science, comparable perhaps with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Unlike such theories as Newtonian mechanics, the periodic table has not been falsified by developments in modern physics but has evolved while remaining essentially unchanged. After evolving for nearly 150 years through the work of numerous individuals, the periodic table remains at the heart of chemistry. This is mainly because it is of immense practical benefit for making predictions about all manner of chemical and physical properties of the elements and possibilities for bond formation. The periodic system provides the basic criteria for organizing knowledge about all the material stuff in the entire universe. It is thus a model that anybody with interests in knowledge organization (KO) should know. Knowledge about the history, philosophy and status of the periodic system also provides important insight for knowledge organization in general. . . . Scerri's book demonstrates how one of the most important classification systems has evolved and what kinds of conceptualizations and classification criteria are at work in it. It is probably the best book about the best classification system ever constructed. It should belong to any library supporting teaching and research in knowledge organization."