Search (1477 results, page 1 of 74)

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Abstract

What is consciousness? How do physical processes in the brain give rise to the self-aware mind and to feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or spiritual yearning? These questions today are among the most hotly debated issues among scientists and philosophers, and we have seen in recent years superb volumes by such eminent figures as Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Gerald Edelman, and Roger Penrose, all firing volleys in what has come to be called the consciousness wars. Now, in The Conscious Mind, philosopher David J. Chalmers offers a cogent analysis of this heated debate as he unveils a major new theory of consciousness, one that rejects the prevailing reductionist trend of science, while offering provocative insights into the relationship between mind and brain. Writing in a rigorous, thought-provoking style, the author takes us on a far-reaching tour through the philosophical ramifications of consciousness. Chalmers convincingly reveals how contemporary cognitive science and neurobiology have failed to explain how and why mental events emerge from physiological occurrences in the brain. He proposes instead that conscious experience must be understood in an entirely new light--as an irreducible entity (similar to such physical properties as time, mass, and space) that exists at a fundamental level and cannot be understood as the sum of its parts. And after suggesting some intriguing possibilities about the structure and laws of conscious experience, he details how his unique reinterpretation of the mind could be the focus of a new science. Throughout the book, Chalmers provides fascinating thought experiments that trenchantly illustrate his ideas. For example, in exploring the notion that consciousness could be experienced by machines as well as humans, Chalmers asks us to imagine a thinking brain in which neurons are slowly replaced by silicon chips that precisely duplicate their functions--as the neurons are replaced, will consciousness gradually fade away? The book also features thoughtful discussions of how the author's theories might be practically applied to subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

LCSH

Philosophy of mind
Mind and body

RSWK

Philosophy of Mind
Geist / Bewusstsein / Leib-Seele-Problem

Series

Philosophy of mind series

Subject

Philosophy of Mind
Geist / Bewusstsein / Leib-Seele-Problem
Philosophy of mind
Mind and body

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Abstract

Philosophers have long debated the mind-body problem whether to attribute such mental features as consciousness to mind or to body. Meanwhile, neuroscientists search for empirical answers, seeking neural correlates for consciousness, self, and free will. In this book, Georg Northoff does not propose new solutions to the mind-body problem; instead, he questions the problem itself, arguing that it is an empirically, ontologically, and conceptually implausible way to address the existence and reality of mental features. We are better off, he contends, by addressing consciousness and other mental features in terms of the relationship between world and brain; philosophers should consider the world-brain problem rather than the mind-body problem. This calls for a Copernican shift in vantage point from within the mind or brain to beyond the brain in our consideration of mental features. Northoff, a neuroscientist, psychiatrist, and philosopher, explains that empirical evidence suggests that the brain's spontaneous activity and its spatiotemporal structure are central to aligning and integrating the brain within the world. This spatiotemporal structure allows the brain to extend beyond itself into body and world, creating the world-brain relation? that is central to mental features. Northoff makes his argument in empirical, ontological, and epistemic-methodological terms. He discusses current models of the brain and applies these models to recent data on neuronal features underlying consciousness and proposes the world-brain relation as the ontological predisposition for consciousness.

LCSH

Mind and body
Neurosciences / Philosophy

Subject

Mind and body
Neurosciences / Philosophy

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Abstract

This book is an extension of the discussions presented in Blair's 1990 book "Language and Representation in Information Retrieval", which was selected as the "Best Information Science Book of the Year" by the American Society for Information Science (ASIS). That work stated that the Philosophy of Language had the best theory for understanding meaning in language, and within the Philosophy of Language, the work of philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein was found to be most perceptive. The success of that book provided an incentive to look more deeply into Wittgenstein's philosophy of language, and how it can help us to understand how to represent the intellectual content of information. This is what the current title does, and by using this theory it creates a firm foundation for future Information Retrieval research. The work consists of four related parts. Firstly, a brief overview of Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and its relevance to information systems. Secondly, a detailed explanation of Wittgenstein's late philosophy of language and mind. Thirdly, an extended discussion of the relevance of his philosophy to understanding some of the problems inherent in information systems, especially those systems which rely on retrieval based on some representation of the intellectual content of that information. And, fourthly, a series of detailed footnotes which cite the sources of the numerous quotations and provide some discussion of the related issues that the text inspires.

Footnote

Rez. in: Journal of Documentation 63(2007) no.2, S.xxx-xxx (B. Hjoerland)

LCSH

Language and languages / Philosophy

Subject

Language and languages / Philosophy

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Abstract

This book is an essay on the epistemology of classifications. Its main purpose is not to provide an exposition of an actual mathematical theory of classifications, that is, a general theory which would be available to any kind of them: hierarchical or non-hierarchical, ordinary or fuzzy, overlapping or not overlapping, finite or infinite, and so on, establishing a basis for all possible divisions of the real world. For the moment, such a theory remains nothing but a dream. Instead, the authors are essentially put forward a number of key questions. Their aim is rather to reveal the "state of art" of this dynamic field and the philosophy one may eventually adopt to go further. To this end they present some advances made in the course of the last century, discuss a few tricky problems that remain to be solved, and show the avenues open to those who no longer wish to stay on the wrong track. Researchers and professionals interested in the epistemology and philosophy of science, library science, logic and set theory, order theory or cluster analysis will find this book a comprehensive, original and progressive introduction to the main questions in this field.

Content

Philosophical problemsInformation / data structures / Empirical clustering and classic hierarchies / Algebra of trees / Generalized classifications / Topology of generalized classifications / Metaclassification / For an axiomatic theory of classifications / Alternative theories and higher infinite / Postscript.

Date

8. 9.2016 22:04:09

LCSH

Categories (Philosophy)
Mathematics / Philosophy

Subject

Categories (Philosophy)
Mathematics / Philosophy

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Abstract

This book addresses some of the key questions that scientists have been asking themselves for centuries: what is knowledge? What is information? How do we know that we know something? How do we construct meaning from the perceptions of things? Although no consensus exists on a common definition of the concepts of information and communication, few can reject the hypothesis that information - whether perceived as « object » or as « process » - is a pre-condition for knowledge. Epistemology is the study of how we know things (anglophone meaning) or the study of how scientific knowledge is arrived at and validated (francophone conception). To adopt an epistemological stance is to commit oneself to render an account of what constitutes knowledge or in procedural terms, to render an account of when one can claim to know something. An epistemological theory imposes constraints on the interpretation of human cognitive interaction with the world. It goes without saying that different epistemological theories will have more or less restrictive criteria to distinguish what constitutes knowledge from what is not. If information is a pre-condition for knowledge acquisition, giving an account of how knowledge is acquired should impact our comprehension of information and communication as concepts. While a lot has been written on the definition of these concepts, less research has attempted to establish explicit links between differing theoretical conceptions of these concepts and the underlying epistemological stances. This is what this volume attempts to do. It offers a multidisciplinary exploration of information and communication as perceived in different disciplines and how those perceptions affect theories of knowledge.

Content

Introduction; 1. Fidelia Ibekwe-SanJuan and Thomas Dousa.- 2. Cybersemiotics: A new foundation for transdisciplinary theory of information, cognition, meaning, communication and consciousness; Soren Brier.- 3. Epistemology and the Study of Social Information within the Perspective of a Unified Theory of Information;Wolfgang Hofkirchner.- 4. Perception and Testimony as Data Providers; Luciano Floridi.- 5. Human communication from the semiotic perspective; Winfried Noth.- 6. Mind the gap: transitions between concepts of information in varied domains; Lyn Robinson and David Bawden.- 7. Information and the disciplines: A conceptual meta-analysis; Jonathan Furner.- 8. Epistemological Challenges for Information Science; Ian Cornelius.- 9. The nature of information science and its core concepts; Birger Hjorland.- 10. Visual information construing: bistability as a revealer of mediating patterns; Sylvie Leleu-Merviel. - 11. Understanding users' informational constructs via a triadic method approach: a case study; Michel Labour. - 12. Documentary languages and the demarcation of information units in textual information: the case of Julius O. Kaisers's Systematic Indexing

LCSH

Knowledge, Theory of
Semantics (Philosophy)
Philosophy (General)
Science / Philosophy
Social sciences / Philosophy

Series

Studies in history and philosophy of science ; 34

Subject

Knowledge, Theory of
Semantics (Philosophy)
Philosophy (General)
Science / Philosophy
Social sciences / Philosophy

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Abstract

Epistemology or the theory of knowledge is one of the cornerstones of analytic philosophy, and this book provides a clear and accessible introduction to the subject. It discusses some of the main theories of justification, including foundationalism, coherentism, reliabilism, and virtue epistemology. Other topics include the Gettier problem, internalism and externalism, skepticism, the problem of epistemic circularity, the problem of the criterion, a priori knowledge, and naturalized epistemology. Intended primarily for students taking a first class in epistemology, this lucid and well-written text would also provide an excellent introduction for anyone interested in knowing more about this important area of philosophy.

Content

Knowledge, truth, and justification -- The traditional analysis and the Gettier problem -- Foundationalism -- The coherence theory of justification -- Reliabilism and virtue epistemology -- Internalism, externalism, and epistemic circularity -- Skepticism -- The problem of the criterion -- The a priori -- Naturalized epistemology

LCSH

Knowledge, Theory of

Series

Cambridge introductions to philosophy

Subject

Knowledge, Theory of

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Abstract

Can we 'see' or 'find' consciousness in the brain? How can we create working definitions of consciousness and subjectivity, informed by what contemporary research and technology have taught us about how the brain works? How do neuronal processes in the brain relate to our experience of a personal identity?To explore these and other questions, Georg Northoff turns to examples of unhealthy minds. By investigating consciousness through its absence in a vegetative state, for example, we can develop a model for understanding its presence in an active, healthy person. By examining instances of distorted self-recognition in people with psychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia, we can begin to understand how the experience of ?self? is established in a stable brain.Taking an integrative approach to understanding the self, consciousness, and what it means to be mentally healthy, this book brings insights from neuroscience to bear on philosophical questions.

LCSH

Philosophy, Medical

Subject

Philosophy, Medical

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Abstract

This is the first volume in the tetralogy on the foundations of the philosophy of information. The reader interested in an introduction to its topics may find Information - A very Short Introduction helpful. The book fulfils three goals. The first is metatheoretical. The book describes what the philosophy of information is, its open problems, and its methods. The second goal is introductory. The book analyses the complex and diverse nature of informational concepts and phenomena, and defends the veridicality thesis and a theory of strongly semantic information. The third goal is constructive. The book tackles some classic philosophical questions in information-theoretical terms, such as how symbols acquire their semantics (the symbol-grounding problem), whether knowledge may be something different from justified true belief (the Gettier problem), or what kind of realism may be more plausible in philosophy of science (the debate on structural realism). The essential message is quite straightforward. Semantic information is well-formed, meaningful and truthful data; knowledge is relevant semantic information properly accounted for; humans are the only known semantic engines and conscious informational organisms who can develop a growing knowledge of reality; and reality is the totality of information (notice the crucial absence of "semantic").

Content

What is the philosophy of information?. Introduction ; Philosophy of artificial intelligence as a premature paradigm of PI ; The historical emergence of PI ; The dialectic of reflection and the emergence of PI ; The definition of PI ; The analytic approach to PI ; The metaphysical approach to PI ; PI as philosophia prima -- Open problems in the philosophy of information. Introduction ; David Hilbert's view ; Analysis ; Semantics ; Intelligence ; Nature ; Values -- The method of levels of abstraction. Introduction Some definitions and preliminary examples ; A classic interpretation of the method of abstraction ; Some philosophical applications ; The philosophy of the method of abstraction --
Semantic information and the veridicality thesis. Introduction ; The data-based approach to semantic information ; The general definition of information ; Understanding data ; Taxonomic neutrality ; Typological neutrality ; Ontological neutrality ; Genetic neutrality ; Alethic neutrality ; Why false information is not a kind of semantic information ; Why false information is pseudo-information : attributive vs predictive use ; Why false information is pseudo-information : a semantic argument ; The definition of semantic information -- Outline of a theory of strongly semantic information. Introduction ; The Bar-Hillel-Carnap paradox ; Three criteria of information equivalence ; Three desiderata for TSSI ; Degrees of vacuity and inaccuracy ; Degrees of informativeness ; Quantities of vacuity and of semantic information ; The solution of the Bar-Hillel-Carnap paradox ; TSSI and the scandal of deduction --
The symbol grounding problem. Introduction ; The symbol of grounding problem ; The representationalist approach ; The semi-representationalist approach ; The non-representationalist approach -- Action-based semantics. Introduction ; Action-based semantics ; Two-machine artificial agents and their AbS ; From grounded symbols to grounded communication and abstractions -- Semantic information and the correctness theory of truth. Introduction ; First step : translation ; Second step : polarization ; Third step : normalization ; Fourth step : verification and validation ; Fifth step : correctness ; Some implications and advantages of the correctness theory of truth -- The logical unsolvability of the Gettier problem. Introduction ; Why the Gettier problem is unsolvable in principle ; Three objections and replies -- The logic of being informed. Introduction ; Three logics of information ; Modelling "being informed" ; Four epistemological implications of KTB-IL -- Understanding epistemic relevance. Introduction ; Epistemic vs casual relevance ; The basic case ; A probabilistic revision of the basic case ; A counterfactual revision of the probabilistic analysis ; A metatheoretical revision of the counterfactual analysis ; Advantages of the metatheoretical revision ; Some illustrative cases ; Misinformation cannot be relevant ; Two objections and replies --
Semantic information and the network theory of account. Introduction ; The nature of the upgrading problem : mutual independence ; Solving the upgrading problem : the network theory of account ; Advantages of a network theory of account ; Testing the network theory of account -- Consciousness, agents, and the knowledge game. Introduction ; The knowledge game ; The first and classic version of the knowledge game : externally inferable states ; The second version of the knowledge game ; The third version of the knowledge game ; The fourth version of the knowledge game ; Dretske's question and the knowledge game -- Against digital ontology. Introduction ; What is digital ontology : It from bit ; The thought experiment ; Three objections and replies -- A defense of informational structural realism. Introduction ; First step : ESR and OSR are not compatible ; Second step : Relata are not logically prior to all relations ; Third step : the concept of a structural object is not empty ; Informational structural realism ; Ten objections and replies.

LCSH

Information science / Philosophy

Subject

Information science / Philosophy

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Abstract

This book is about the interrelationship between nature, semiosis, metarepresentation and (self-)consciousness, and the role played by metarepresentation in evolution. Representations must have emerged via self-organization from non-representational systems (found in physics, chemistry and biology). Major steps have been the evolution of molecules, macromolecules, life, and finally cultural and symbolic systems. Representations and signs are therefore parts of a huge, possibly branching «ladder of beings». Metarepresentations - images representing images, language about language and language-use, thoughts about thoughts - constitute a fascinating theme within such diverse areas of research as philosophy, literature, theology, anthropology and history, neuroscience, psychology and linguistics. The contributions to this book reflect this variety of different, but often interrelated perspectives on metarepresentation. They also exemplify the difficulties of a truly interdisciplinary discourse and show how one may start such a discourse in the field of semiotics, understood as a meta-discipline which brings together all scientific enterprises dealing with human mind and human culture.

Content

Introduction / Barend van Heusden and Wolfgang Wildgen -- Torturing the torturer, interpretation of evidence as meta-representation / Rik Peters -- Enthymematic reasoning as a meaning-making strategy in spoken discourse / Marcel Bax -- Meta-representation in linguistic jokes / Peiling Cui -- The mathematical structure of pain / Micghael Leyton -- Hypotyposis : meta-representation, mind-reading, and fictive interaction / Todd Oakley -- Film and representation : making filmic meaning / John Bateman -- Musical semantics : A very brief introduction / Ole Kühl -- Meta-representation, self-organization and self-reference in the visual arts / Wolfgang Wildgen -- Imitation, mirror neurons, and meta-cognition / Sven Østergaard -- A pragmaticistic view on metarepresentative semiosis / Ulf Harebdarski -- On the metascientific representation of inconsistency in linguistic theories / András Kertész and Csilla Rákosi -- Self-organization and identity links between theories / Peter Jo?rg Plath -- Meta-representations and paradigms / Boris and Hella Schapiro.

LCSH

Representation (Philosophy)

Subject

Representation (Philosophy)

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.4, S.363-365 (J.W. Schneider): "Theories and methods for mapping scientific frontiers have existed for decades-especially within quantitative studies of science. This book investigates mapping scientific frontiers from the perspective of visual thinking and visual exploration (visual communication). The central theme is construction of visual-spatial representations that may convey insights into the dynamic structure of scientific frontiers. The author's previous book, Information Visualisation and Virtual Environments (1999), also concerns some of the ideas behind and possible benefits of visual communication. This new book takes a special focus an knowledge visualization, particularly in relation to science literature. The book is not a technical tutorial as the focus is an principles of visual communication and ways that may reveal the dynamics of scientific frontiers. The new approach to science mapping presented is the culmination of different approaches from several disciplines, such as philosophy of science, information retrieval, scientometrics, domain analysis, and information visualization. The book therefore addresses an audience with different disciplinary backgrounds and tries to stimulate interdisciplinary research. Chapter 1, The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, introduces a range of examples that illustrate fundamental issues concerning visual communication in general and science mapping in particular. Chapter 2, Mapping the Universe, focuses an the basic principles of cartography for visual communication. Chapter 3, Mapping the Mind, turns the attention inward and explores the design of mind maps, maps that represent our thoughts, experience, and knowledge. Chapter 4, Enabling Techniques for Science Mapping, essentially outlines the author's basic approach to science mapping.
The title of Chapter 5, On the Shoulders of Giants, implies that knowledge of the structure of scientific frontiers in the immediate past holds the key to a fruitful exploration of people's intellectual assets. Chapter 6, Tracing Competing Paradigms explains how information visualization can draw upon the philosophical framework of paradigm shifts and thereby enable scientists to track the development of Competing paradigms. The final chapter, Tracking Latent Domain Knowledge, turns citation analysis upside down by looking at techniques that may reveal latent domain knowledge. Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualization is an excellent book and is highly recommended. The book convincingly outlines general theories conceming cartography, visual communication, and science mapping-especially how metaphors can make a "big picture"simple and useful. The author likewise Shows how the GSA framework is based not only an technical possibilities but indeed also an the visualization principles presented in the beginning chapters. Also, the author does a fine job of explaining why the mapping of scientific frontiers needs a combined effort from a diverse range of underlying disciplines, such as philosophy of science, sociology of science, scientometrics, domain analyses, information visualization, knowledge discovery, and data mining.

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Abstract

From one of the most original and influential neuroscientists at work today, here is an exploration of consciousness unlike any other-as told by Galileo, who opened the way for the objectivity of science and is now intent on making subjective experience a part of science as well. Giulio Tononi is one of the most creative and the most influential neurologists in the world nowadays. Tononis way of exploring consciousness is different from those of the others, which is that his course of exploring consciousness is narrated by Galileo who used to pave the way for the objectivity of science and devoted himself to making subjective experience a part of science in the book Phi:a Voyage from the Brain to the Soul. Galileo's journey has three parts, each with a different guide. In the first, accompanied by a scientist who resembles Francis Crick, he learns why certain parts of the brain are important and not others, and why consciousness fades with sleep. In the second part, when his companion seems to be named Alturi (Galileo is hard of hearing; his companion's name is actually Alan Turing), he sees how the facts assembled in the first part can be unified and understood through a scientific theory-a theory that links consciousness to the notion of integrated information (also known as phi). In the third part, accompanied by a bearded man who can only be Charles Darwin, he meditates on how consciousness is an evolving, developing, ever-deepening awareness of ourselves in history and culture-that it is everything we have and everything we are. Not since Gödel, Escher, Bach has there been a book that interweaves science, art, and the imagination with such originality. This beautiful and arresting narrative will transform the way we think of ourselves and the world.

LCSH

Mind and body

RSWK

Bewusstsein / Gehirn / Physiologie / Leib-Seele-Problem

Subject

Bewusstsein / Gehirn / Physiologie / Leib-Seele-Problem
Mind and body

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Abstract

Is an integrated complex of theories, methodologies, descriptions, and implementations, attempts to systematize ideas about both semantic description as representation and manipulation of meaning by computer programs.

LCSH

Linguistics / Philosophy
Semantics (Philosophy)

Subject

Linguistics / Philosophy
Semantics (Philosophy)

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Abstract

Few can imagine a world without telephones or televisions; many depend an computers and the Internet as part of daily life. Without scientific theory, these developments would not have been possible. In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect an the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. Along the way, central topics in the philosophy of science, such as the demarcation of science from non-science, induction, confirmation and falsification, the relationship between theory and observation, and relativism, are all addressed. Important and complex current debates over underdetermination, inference to the best explanation and the implications of radical theory change are clarified and clearly explained for these new to the subject. The style is refreshing and unassuming, bringing to life the essential questions in the philosophy of science. Ideal for any student of philosophy or science, this book requires no previous knowledge of either discipline. It contains the following textbook features: - suggestions for further reading - cross-referencing with an extensive bibliography.

LCSH

Science / philosophy

Subject

Science / philosophy

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Abstract

Within dynamic organizations, information systems often fail to adapt to changing requirements and structures. The book presents a different view of IS provision, based on end-user information systems construction, as a means of avoiding many of the recognized problems. Adopting a philosophy of constructivism, emphasizing psychological and social factors in information construction, the authors examine different types of systems across natural and social sciences

Date

25.12.2001 13:22:30

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Abstract

Philosophy and Computing explores each of the following areas of technology: the digital revolution; the computer; the Internet and the Web; CD-ROMs and Mulitmedia; databases, textbases, and hypertexts; Artificial Intelligence; the future of computing. Luciano Floridi shows us how the relationship between philosophy and computing provokes a wide range of philosophical questions: is there a philosophy of information? What can be achieved by a classic computer? How can we define complexity? What are the limits of quantam computers? Is the Internet an intellectual space or a polluted environment? What is the paradox in the Strong Artificial Intlligence program? Philosophy and Computing is essential reading for anyone wishing to fully understand both the development and history of information and communication technology as well as the philosophical issues it ultimately raises. 'The most careful and scholarly book to be written on castles in a generation.'

LCSH

Computer science / Philosophy

Subject

Computer science / Philosophy

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Abstract

This bold and brilliant book asks the ultimate question of the life sciences: How did the human mind acquire its incomparable power? In seeking the answer, Merlin Donald traces the evolution of human culture and cognition from primitive apes to artificial intelligence, presenting an enterprising and original theory of how the human mind evolved from its presymbolic form.

Date

1. 2.2020 16:21:22