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Abstract

Is this book sociology, anthropology, or taxonomy? Sorting Things Out, by communications theorists Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, covers a lot of conceptual ground in its effort to sort out exactly how and why we classify and categorize the things and concepts we encounter day to day. But the analysis doesn't stop there; the authors go on to explore what happens to our thinking as a result of our classifications. With great insight and precise academic language, they pick apart our information systems and language structures that lie deeper than the everyday categories we use. The authors focus first on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a widely used scheme used by health professionals worldwide, but also look at other health information systems, racial classifications used by South Africa during apartheid, and more. Though it comes off as a bit too academic at times (by the end of the 20th century, most writers should be able to get the spelling of McDonald's restaurant right), the book has a clever charm that thoughtful readers will surely appreciate. A sly sense of humor sneaks into the writing, giving rise to the chapter title "The Kindness of Strangers," for example. After arguing that categorization is both strongly influenced by and a powerful reinforcer of ideology, it follows that revolutions (political or scientific) must change the way things are sorted in order to throw over the old system. Who knew that such simple, basic elements of thought could have such far-reaching consequences? Whether you ultimately place it with social science, linguistics, or (as the authors fear) fantasy, make sure you put Sorting Things Out in your reading pile.

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Abstract

The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Currently, both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major domain for innovation enabled by digital communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information. This is the first of two articles in D-Lib Magazine on this topic. This first part describes the current state-of-the-art and contrasts various approaches to the problem. It identifies static and dynamic linking solutions as well as open and closed linking frameworks. It also includes an extensive bibliography. The second part, SFX, a Generic Linking Solution describes a system that we have developed for linking in a hybrid working environment. The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Although most writings on electronic scientific communication have touted other benefits, such as the increase in communication speed, the possibility to exchange multimedia content and the absence of limitations on the length of research papers, currently both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major opportunity for improved communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added-value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information.

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Abstract

For several years the Digital Library Research Group at Cornell University and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) have been engaged in research focused on the design and development of infrastructures for open architecture, confederated digital libraries. The goal of this effort is to achieve interoperability and extensibility of digital library systems through the definition of key digital library services and their open interfaces, allowing flexible interaction of existing services and augmentation of the infrastructure with new services. Some aspects of this research have included the development and deployment of the Dienst software, the Handle System®, and the architecture of digital objects and repositories. In this paper, we describe the joint effort by Cornell and CNRI to prototype a rich and deployable architecture for interoperable digital objects and repositories. This effort has challenged us to move theories of interoperability closer to practice. The Cornell/CNRI collaboration builds on two existing projects focusing on the development of interoperable digital libraries. Details relating to the technology of these projects are described elsewhere. Both projects were strongly influenced by the fundamental abstractions of repositories and digital objects as articulated by Kahn and Wilensky in A Framework for Distributed Digital Object Services. Furthermore, both programs were influenced by the container architecture described in the Warwick Framework, and by the notions of distributed dynamic objects presented by Lagoze and Daniel in their Distributed Active Relationship work. With these common roots, one would expect that the CNRI and Cornell repositories would be at least theoretically interoperable. However, the actual test would be the extent to which our independently developed repositories were practically interoperable. This paper focuses on the definition of interoperability in the joint Cornell/CNRI work and the set of experiments conducted to formally test it. Our motivation for this work is the eventual deployment of formally tested reference implementations of the repository architecture for experimentation and development by fellow digital library researchers. In Section 2, we summarize the digital object and repository approach that was the focus of our interoperability experiments. In Section 3, we describe the set of experiments that progressively tested interoperability at increasing levels of functionality. In Section 4, we discuss general conclusions, and in Section 5, we give a preview of our future work, including our plans to evolve our experimentation to the point of defining a set of formal metrics for measuring interoperability for repositories and digital objects. This is still a work in progress that is expected to undergo additional refinements during its development.

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Abstract

The book evaluates the peer reviews presented to the Editorial Office of the journal Angewandte Chemie for all contributions submitted for publication in 1984. The peer review system, since its inception in the 17th century, helps to improve the quality of published papers. The book has 10 chapters, dealing with the peer review as an instrument for the self-regulation of science, as a target for criticism, it deals with the journal Angewandte Chemie, the communications received in 1984, the internal and external evaluations and editorial decisions, the reviewers and the reviews, the reliability of manuscript refereeing, the fairness in manuscript evaluation, the validity of manuscript review and makes suggestions for a reform of the peer-review process

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Content

Enthält u.a. folgende Beiträge: WHITE, H.S.: Electronic resource sharing: it may semm obvious, but it's not as simples as it looks; MITCHELL, J.: Resource sharing through OCLC: a comprehensive approach; CORALL, S.: The business information network: improving European enterprise through resource sharing; FEDUNOK, S. u. S. BONK: Cooperative acquisition and new technologies for resource management and resource sharing: an American model; HUSTON, M.M. u. R. SKINNER: Information networking issues and initiatives: the North Texas experience; SANDORE, B. u. K. RYAN: Evaluating electronic resources: a study using three concurrent methods; GALLIVAN, B.: IT and resource sharing in Scottish libraries together with a note on image compression standards; BLUNDEN-ELLIS, J.: The Consortium of Academic Libraries in Manchester (CALIM): strategic and development planning of a new consortium; SKOGMAR, G.: Information networking in the Nordic countries: a Swedish perspective; LAEGREID, J.A.: The Nordic SR-net project: implementing of the SR / Z39.50 standards in the Nordic countries; WALRAVENS, H.: New developments in standard numbering; McDonald, D.R.: The philosophical and practical dimensions of resource sharing; GROEN, F.K.: Resource sharing in a changing library environment: strategies and policies in a Canadian research library; SAUR, K.G.: The international library market for CD-ROM publications; RITTER, G.: High performance CD-ROM network computing; BUCKLE, D.: Group on Electronic Document Interchange (GEDI): international cooperation for the electronic exchange of documents; DeKEMP, A.: New ways for the delivery of information: IT, networks, SGML, multimedia and so on; McLELLAN, M.: Retrospective conversion of catalogues in European co-operative systems: AHRENS, P.: Fuzzy logic: is it a better bibliographical retrieval method for end-users? LARSEN, G.: Advances in OPACs in Europe: an overview; HEDBERG, S.: Improving data quality in an OPAC from the '70s; BAZUZI, J. u. R. WÜST: Integrating images into the OPAC: issues in distributed multimedia libraries; AUSTIN, D.L.: An image is not an object: but it can help

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Abstract

Different approaches to the classification of a knowledge field include empiristic, rationalistic, historistic, and pragmatic methods. This paper demonstrates how these different methids have been applied to the classification of psychology. An etymological apporach is insufficient to define the subject matter of psychology, because other terms can be used to describe the same domain. To define the subject matter of psychology from the point of view of its formal establishment as a science and academic discipline (in Leipzig, 1879) it is also insufficient because this was done in specific historical circumstances, which narrowed the subject matter to physiologically-related issues. When defining the subject area of a scientific field it is necessary to consider how different ontological and epistemological views have made their influences. A subject area and the approaches by which this subject area has been studied cannot be separated from each other without tracing their mutual historical interactions. The classification of a subject field is theory-laden and thus cannot be neutral or ahistorical. If classification research can claim to have a method that is more general than the study of concrete developments in the single knowledge fields the key is to be found in the general epistemological theories. It is shown how basic epistemological assumptions have formed the different approaches to psychology during the 20th century. The progress in the understanding of basic philosophical questions is decisive both for the development of a knowledge field and as the point of departure of classification. The theoretical principles developed in this paper are applied in a brief analysis of some concrete classification systems, including the one used by PsycINFO / Psychologcal Abstracts. The role of classification in modern information retrieval is also briefly discussed

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Content

Enthält die Kapitel: PAPAZOGLOU, M.P. u. W.-J. van den HEUVEL: From business processes to cooperative information systems: an information agents perspective; SINGH, M.P. u. M.N. HUHNS: Social abstraction for information agents; BERGAMASCHI, S. u. D. BENEVENTANO: Integration of information from multiple sources of textual data; SYCARA, K.: In-context information management through adaptive collaboration of intelligent agents; OUKSEL, A.: A framework for a scalable agent architecture of cooperating heterogeneous knowledge sources; GUTTMAN; R. et al.: Agents as mediators in electronic commerce; NORIEGA, P. u. C. SIERRA: Auctions and multi-agent systems; DURFEE, E.H. et al.: Strategic reasoning and adaptation in an information economy; HADAD, M. u. S. KRAUS: SharedPlans in electronic commerce; ZENG, D.D. u. K. SYCARA: Dynamic supply chain structuring for electronic commerce among agents; SEN, S. et al.: Adaptive choice of information sources; LIEBERMAN, H.: Personal assistants for the Web: a MIT perspective; MOUKAS; A. et al.: Amalthaea and Histos: MultiAgent systems for WWW sites and reputation recommendations; MENCZER, F. u. A.E. MONGE: Scalable Web search by adaptive online agents: an InfoSpiders case study; BREWINGTON, B. et al.: Mobile agents for distributed information retrieval; TOLKSDORF, R.: On coordinating intelligent information agents and mobility; SHEHORY, O.: Spawning information agents on the Web; TSCHUDIN, C.F.: Mobile agent security

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Abstract

In most information retrieval research, the concept of relevance has been defined a priori as a single variable by the researcher and the meaning of relevance to the end-user who is making relevance judgments has not been taken into account. However, a number of criteria that users employ in making relevance judgments has been identified (Schamher, 1991; Barry, 1993). Understanding these criteria and their importance to end-users can help researchers better understand end-user evaluation behavior. This study reports end-users' ratings of the relative importance of 40 relevance criteria as used in their own information-seeking situations, and examines relationships between criteria that they rated most important. Data were collected from 210 graduate students who were instructed in a mail survey to rate 40 relevance criteria by importance in their selection of the most valuable information source for a recent or current paper or project. The criteria were selected from previous studies in which open-ended interviews were used to elicit criteria from end-users making judgments in their own information-seeking situations (Schamher, 1991; Su, 1992; Barry, 1993). A model of relevance with three constructs that contribute to the concept of relevance was proposed using the eleven criteria that survey respondents rated as most important (75 or more on a scale of 0 to 100). The development of this model was guided by similarities in criteria and criteria groupings from previous research (Barry & Schamher, 1998). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the model and verify that the constructs would produce reliable subscale scores. The three constructs are information quality, information credibility, and information completeness. Second-order factor analysis indicated that these constructs explain 48% of positive relevance judgments for these respondents. Three additional constructs, information availability, information topicality, and information currency are also suggested. The constructs developed from this analysis are thought to underlie the concept of relevance for this group of users

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Content

Inhalt: General Classification, Colon Classification, Edition7, Philosophy, Conference, Literature Survey, Features, History. Countries and Areas , Theoru, Design of Classification, Classification Problems , Research in Classification, Trends in Classification, Depth Classification, Automatic Classification, Uses of Classification, Practical Classification, Application of Classification, Standards, Glossary.Teminology, classification and Reference Service, Classificationand Documentation, Classification and Communication, Classification and Retrieval, Comparison to Other Schemes, Canons, Isolates, Common Isolates , Space Isolates, Time Isolates, Special Isolates, Postulates, Fundamental Categories, Facet Formula, Optionl Facets, Rounds and Levels, Basic Subjects, Notation and Symbols, Array and Chanin, Devices, Mnemonics, Phase Relation, Systems and Specials, Book Number, Cooperative Calssification, Teaching of Classification, Classification of Specific Subjects, Book Science, Bibliography, Library and Information Science, Classification, Cataloguing, Mathematics, Cybernetics, Engineering, Computer, Chemistry, Crystallography, Technology. Food Technology, Corrosion, Parasitism, Geology , Agriculture, Zoology, Animal Husbandry, Medicine, Useful Arts, Military Science, Creative Arts, Aiterature, Sanskrit, Marathi, Tamil, Calssics, Linguistics, Philosophy, Ssocial Science, Geography, Maps, History , Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Law,