Search (5653 results, page 283 of 283)

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Theme

Internet

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.10, S.1126-1128 (P.K. Nayar): "How Images Think is an exercise both in philosophical meditation and critical theorizing about media, images, affects, and cognition. Burnett combines the insights of neuroscience with theories of cognition and the computer sciences. He argues that contemporary metaphors - biological or mechanical - about either cognition, images, or computer intelligence severely limit our understanding of the image. He suggests in his introduction that "image" refers to the "complex set of interactions that constitute everyday life in image-worlds" (p. xviii). For Burnett the fact that increasing amounts of intelligence are being programmed into technologies and devices that use images as their main form of interaction and communication-computers, for instance-suggests that images are interfaces, structuring interaction, people, and the environment they share. New technologies are not simply extensions of human abilities and needs-they literally enlarge cultural and social preconceptions of the relationship between body and mind. The flow of information today is part of a continuum, with exceptional events standing as punctuation marks. This flow connects a variety of sources, some of which are continuous - available 24 hours - or "live" and radically alters issues of memory and history. Television and the Internet, notes Burnett, are not simply a simulated world-they are the world, and the distinctions between "natural" and "non-natural" have disappeared. Increasingly, we immerse ourselves in the image, as if we are there. We rarely become conscious of the fact that we are watching images of events-for all perceptioe, cognitive, and interpretive purposes, the image is the event for us. The proximity and distance of viewer from/with the viewed has altered so significantly that the screen is us. However, this is not to suggest that we are simply passive consumers of images. As Burnett points out, painstakingly, issues of creativity are involved in the process of visualization-viewwes generate what they see in the images. This involves the historical moment of viewing-such as viewing images of the WTC bombings-and the act of re-imagining. As Burnett puts it, "the questions about what is pictured and what is real have to do with vantage points [of the viewer] and not necessarily what is in the image" (p. 26). In his second chapter Burnett moves an to a discussion of "imagescapes." Analyzing the analogue-digital programming of images, Burnett uses the concept of "reverie" to describe the viewing experience. The reverie is a "giving in" to the viewing experience, a "state" in which conscious ("I am sitting down an this sofa to watch TV") and unconscious (pleasure, pain, anxiety) processes interact. Meaning emerges in the not-always easy or "clean" process of hybridization. This "enhances" the thinking process beyond the boundaries of either image or subject. Hybridization is the space of intelligence, exchange, and communication.

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Theme

Internet

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Footnote

There is only one article in the issue that claims to offer a theory of the scope that discussed by McGrath, and I am sorry that it appears in this issue. Bor-Sheng Tsai's "Theory of Information Genetics" is an almost incomprehensible combination of four different "models" wich names like "Möbius Twist" and "Clipping-Jointing." Tsai starts by posing the question "What is it that makes the `UNIVERSAL' information generating, representation, and transfer happen?" From this ungrammatical beginning, things get rapidly worse. Tsai makes side trips into the history of defining information, offers three-dimensional plots of citation data, a formula for "bonding relationships," hypothetical data an food consumption, sample pages from a web-based "experts directory" and dozens of citations from works which are peripheral to the discussion. The various sections of the article seem to have little to do with one another. I can't believe that the University of Illinois would publish something so poorly-edited. Now I will turn to the dominant, "bibliometric" articles in this issue, in order of their appearance: Judit Bar-Ilan and Bluma Peritz write about "Informetric Theories and Methods for Exploring the Internet." Theirs is a survey of research an patterns of electronic publication, including different ways of sampling, collecting and analyzing data an the Web. Their contribution to the "theory" theme lies in noting that some existing bibliometric laws apply to the Web. William Hood and Concepción Wilson's article, "Solving Problems ... Using Fuzzy Set Theory," demonstrates the widespread applicability of this mathematical tool for library-related problems, such as making decisions about the binding of documents, or improving document retrieval. Ronald Rosseau's piece an "Journal Evaluation" discusses the strength and weaknesses of various indicators for determining impact factors and rankings for journals. His is an exceptionally well-written article that has everything to do with measurement but almost nothing to do with theory, to my way of thinking. "The Matthew Effect for Countries" is the topic of Manfred Bonitz's paper an citations to scientific publications, analyzed by nation of origin. His research indicates that publications from certain countries-such as Switzerland, Denmark, the USA and the UK-receive more than the expected number of citations; correspondingly, some rather large countries like China receive much fewer than might be expected. Bonitz provides an extensive discussion of how the "MEC" measure came about, and what it ments-relating it to efficiency in scientific research. A bonus is his detour into the origins of the Matthew Effect in the Bible, and the subsequent popularization of the name by the sociologist Robert Merton. Wolfgang Glänzel's "Coauthorship patterns and trends in the sciences (1980-1998)" is, as the title implies, another citation analysis. He compares the number of authors an papers in three fields-Biomedical research, Chemistry and Mathematics - at sixyear intervals. Among other conclusions, Glänzel notes that the percentage of publications with four or more authors has been growing in all three fields, and that multiauthored papers are more likely to be cited.

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Footnote

Essential Classification is also an exercise book. Indeed, it contains a number of practical exercises and activities in every chapter, along with suggested answers. Unfortunately, the answers are too often provided without the justifications and explanations that students would no doubt demand. The author has taken great care to explain all technical terms in her text, but formal definitions are also gathered in an extensive 172-term Glossary; appropriately, these terms appear in bold type the first time they are used in the text. A short, very short, annotated bibliography of standard classification textbooks and of manuals for the use of major classification schemes is provided. A detailed 11-page index completes the set of learning aids which will be useful to an audience of students in their effort to grasp the basic concepts of the theory and the practice of document classification in a traditional environment. Essential Classification is a fine textbook. However, this reviewer deplores the fact that it presents only a very "traditional" view of classification, without much reference to newer environments such as the Internet where classification also manifests itself in various forms. In Essential Classification, books are always used as examples, and we have to take the author's word that traditional classification practices and tools can also be applied to other types of documents and elsewhere than in the traditional library. Vanda Broughton writes, for example, that "Subject headings can't be used for physical arrangement" (p. 101), but this is not entirely true. Subject headings can be used for physical arrangement of vertical files, for example, with each folder bearing a simple or complex heading which is then used for internal organization. And if it is true that subject headings cannot be reproduced an the spine of [physical] books (p. 93), the situation is certainly different an the World Wide Web where subject headings as metadata can be most useful in ordering a collection of hot links. The emphasis is also an the traditional paperbased, rather than an the electronic version of classification schemes, with excellent justifications of course. The reality is, however, that supporting organizations (LC, OCLC, etc.) are now providing great quality services online, and that updates are now available only in an electronic format and not anymore on paper. E-based versions of classification schemes could be safely ignored in a theoretical text, but they have to be described and explained in a textbook published in 2005. One last comment: Professor Broughton tends to use the same term, "classification" to represent the process (as in classification is grouping) and the tool (as in constructing a classification, using a classification, etc.). Even in the Glossary where classification is first well-defined as a process, and classification scheme as "a set of classes ...", the definition of classification scheme continues: "the classification consists of a vocabulary (...) and syntax..." (p. 296-297). Such an ambiguous use of the term classification seems unfortunate and unnecessarily confusing in an otherwise very good basic textbook an categorization of concepts and subjects, document organization and subject representation."

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Date

22. 2.2007 18:56:23
22. 2.2007 19:12:10

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Classification

327.12 22

DDC

327.12 22

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 30(2003) no.1, S.42-44 (D. Mercier): "This work is a collection of lecture notes following the 22"d Sarada Ranganathan Endowment Lectures which took place in Bangalore, India, from 4-6 December 2000. This compilation has been divided into four sections: historical introduction, compilation of several definitions about knowledge and its management, impacts of knowledge management (KM) an information professionals and, review of information technologies as tools for knowledge management. The aim of this book is to provide "a succinct overview of various aspects of knowledge management, particularly in companies" (p. v). Each chapter focuses an a dominant text in a specific area. Most of the quoted authors are known consultants in KM. Each chapter is similarly handled: a review of a dominant book, some subject matter from a few other consultants and, last but not least, comments an a few broadly cited cases. Each chapter is uneven with regards to the level of detail provided, and ending summaries, which would have been useful, are missing. The book is structured in two parts containing five chapters each. The first part is theoretical, the second deals with knowledge workers and technologies. Haravu begins the first chapter with a historical overview of information and knowledge management (IKM) essentially based an the review previously made by Drucker (1999). Haravu emphasises the major facts and events of the discipline from the industrial revolution up to the advent of the knowledge economy. On the whole, this book is largely technology-oriented. The lecturer presents micro-economic factors contributing to the economic perspective of knowledge management, focusing an the existing explicit knowledge. This is Haravu's prevailing perspective. He then offers a compilation of definitions from Allee (1997) and Sveiby (1997), both known for their contribution in the area of knowledge evaluation. As many others, Haravu confirms his assumption regarding the distinction between information and knowledge, and the knowledge categories: explicit and tacit, both actions oriented and supported by rules (p. 43). The SECI model (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995), also known as "knowledge conversion spiral" is described briefly, and the theoretically relational dimension between individual and collectivities is explained. Three SECI linked concepts appear to be missing: contexts in movement, intellectual assets and leadership.

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Date

12. 6.2008 20:18:22

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Date

22. 3.2009 18:13:27

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Date

26. 8.2015 19:22:31

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Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Date

23. 3.2008 19:10:22