Search (31 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

This paper reviews the career and legacy of William (Bill) Goffman, who served as a researcher, Professor, Dean and Emeritus at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, from 1959 to 2000. Goffman pioneered mathematical information science broadly and in several key areas. First, he applied disease epidemiology concepts to model accurately the spread of knowledge and the formation of knowledge systems and their ecologies, including the dynamics of scientific discovery. Second, he proposed significant improvements in information retrieval through the deployment of multi-valued logic, appropriate file ordering, effective and efficient retrieval measures, and simplified retrieval approaches, including early work in citation-based searching. Third, Goffman applied Bradford-like distributions to model effective core research literature collection development and usage. Fourth, he developed original epidemiology models, and was an early contributor in biomedical informatics. His mathematical contributions have stood the test of time and will continue to be applicable indefinitely.

Source

Information processing and management. 44(2008) no.4, S.1634-1647

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Abstract

Gerard Salton is often credited with developing the vector space model (VSM) for information retrieval (IR). Citations to Salton give the impression that the VSM must have been articulated as an IR model sometime between 1970 and 1975. However, the VSM as it is understood today evolved over a longer time period than is usually acknowledged, and an articulation of the model and its assumptions did not appear in print until several years after those assumptions had been criticized and alternative models proposed. An often cited overview paper titled "A Vector Space Model for Information Retrieval" (alleged to have been published in 1975) does not exist, and citations to it represent a confusion of two 1975 articles, neither of which were overviews of the VSM as a model of information retrieval. Until the late 1970s, Salton did not present vector spaces as models of IR generally but rather as models of specific computations. Citations to the phantom paper reflect an apparently widely held misconception that the operational features and explanatory devices now associated with the VSM must have been introduced at the same time it was first proposed as an IR model.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science

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Abstract

This note is also appearing in the Journal of the American Society for Information Systems and Technology.

Date

26.12.2007 14:22:47

Source

Information processing and management. 43(2007) no.6, S.1441-1446

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Abstract

The analytico-synthetic facet methodology (ASM) of S.R.Ranganathan (SRR) helps to improve information retrieval online and on the Internet as well. Yahoo has been foreseen in the subject/query structuring based on ASM. Data mining and discovery, the design, development, use and evaluation of object-oriented databases and knowledge organization tools (KOTs) - faceted classification schemes, thesauri, classaurus, and subject indexing languages - are well supported by ASM. The fundamental nature of SRR's contributions attest to their continuing relevance and value in information storage and retrieval in the context of developments in information technology and the Internet. His theories, postulates and normative principles anchored on the Five Laws provide a holistic integrated approach to research, development and practice in knowledge organization in particular and information science in general. These contributions provide a sound foundation and stability to KOTs. SRR had visualized a self-perpetuating classification system. Computer graphics and imaging could help the examination in three or more dimensions the architecture of subject (and the associated Strength of Bond theory) proposed by SRR and the impact of interpolation of new concepts on the structure

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Abstract

Tim Berners-Lee ist der Erfinder des WWW. Der Brite, der 1989 den ersten Browser entwickelt hat, schildert im Interview seine Vision von der Zukunft des Web

Theme

Semantic Web

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Abstract

Purpose - This paper examines William Stetson Merrill, the compiler of A Code for Classifiers and a Newberry Library employee (1889-1930) in an attempt to glean lessons for modern information studies from an early librarian's career. Design/methodology/approach - Merrill's career at the Newberry Library and three editions of the code are briefly examined using historical, bibliographic, and conceptual methods. Primary and secondary sources in archives and libraries are summarized to provide insight into Merrill's attempts to develop or modify tools to solve the knowledge organization problems he faced. The concept of bricolage, developed by Levi-Strauss to explain modalities of thinking, is applied to Merrill's career. Excerpts from his works and reminisces are used to explain Merrill as a bricoleur and highlight the characteristics of bricolage. Findings - Findings show that Merrill worked collaboratively to collocate and integrate a variety of ideas from a diverse group of librarians such as Cutter, Pettee, Poole, Kelley, Rudolph, and Fellows. Bliss and Ranganathan were aware of the code but the extent to which they were influenced by it remains to be explored. Although this is an anachronistic evaluation, Merrill serves as an example of the archetypal information scientist who improvises and integrates methods from bibliography, cataloging, classification, and indexing to solve problems of information retrieval and design usable information products and services for human consumption. Originality/value - Bricolage offers great potential to information practitioners and researchers today as we continue to try and find user-centered solutions to the problems of digital information organization and services.

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Abstract

Der Mathematiker und Elektrotechniker Claude Elwood Shannon, der am 24. Februar dieses Jahres starb (F.A.Z. vom 2. März), prägte 1948 den nachrichtentechnischen Begriff der Information. Er vermaß damit das Wahrscheinlichkeitsfeld, auf dem sich unsere elektronische Kultur auf ihrer abstraktesten Ebene abspielt. Soeben erschien ein Band ausgewählter Schriften Shannons über zum Teil skurrile mathematische Gegenstände: Kommunikations- und Nachrichtentheorie, Kryptologie, Schaltkreise, eine Vorhersage in Feuerleitsystemen, eine Schrift über eine Maschine, die in der Lage ist, ein Labyrinth durch Versuch und Irrtum zu lösen, ein Aufsatz zu einem Spiegelsystem, das es amerikanischen Autofahrern erlaubt, sich im antinapoleonischen Linksverkehr Großbritanniens zurechtzufinden. Den Abschluß bildet ein spaßiges Lied über den, Rubik-Würfel, der in den frühen achtziger Jahren bei vielen Spielern die Volkskrankheit des "Würfeldaumens" verursacht hat. Die Auswahl der Texte verdeutlicht bereits eine Philosophie, die alle Äußerungen des Lebens und des Todes auf Gesetze der Wahrscheinlichkeit und Kombinatorik zurückführt: Unterhaltende Spiele oder eine mathematische Theorie der Vererbungsgesetze Mendels (davon handelt die in diesem Band nicht enthaltene Dissertation Shannons) lassen sich spiegelbildlich übersetzen in die Mathematik kriegsentscheidender und,gegebenenfalls todbringender Techniken wie Feuerleitsysteme und Kryptologie. Zu den fundamentalen Entdeckungen Shannons gehörte es etwa, daß sich Nachrichtentechnik und Kryptographie im Begriff der Redundanz aufeinander beziehen und ineinander überführen lassen. In der Nachrichtentechnik erhält man sichere Übertragungssysteme durch Vermehrung der Redundanz, also durch Weitschweifigkeit.
Die Redundanz technischer Übertragungssysteme schützt Nachrichten vor Verstümmelung, ohne den Informationsgehalt der übertragenen Nachrichten zu erhöhen. Ein weitschweifiger Journalist erleichtert durch Vergleiche und Metaphern das Verständnis: "Anschaulichkeit' stellt sicher, daß eine Nachricht beim Leser "ankommt'; den Informationsgehalt erhöht sie damit nicht. Die Verminderung von Weitschweifigkeit führt dagegen zur Unverständlichkeit: Nachrichtendienste verschlüsseln Nachrichten durch Verminderung von Redundanz und sichern sich so, gegen das Abhören. Ähnlich vermindern Wissenschaftler die Redundanz ihrer Arbeiten, um nicht von Laien verstanden werden zu können. Für den Uneingeweihten klingen solche Kryptogramme wie Rauschen. Redundanz ist das Maß der inneren Regelmäßigkeit einer statistischen Struktur. Nachricht minus Redundanz ist Informationsgehalt. Für den Betrag der Information hat Shannon die Maßeinheit angegeben: das bit - die "basic indissoluble information unit" (nicht zu verwechseln mit der Einheit für die Darstellung von Daten mit Hilfe binärer Zeichen, dem großgeschriebenen "Bit" unserer Computer). Den Informationsgehalt einer Nachricht zu ermitteln ähnelt dem Frage-Antwort-Spiel beim "heiteren Beruferaten": Jede Ja/Nein-Antwort entspricht einem bit Information. Der "lnformationsgehalt' eines Berufs entspricht der Anzahl nötiger Fragen, ihn zu erraten - je exotischer, "interessanter" der Beruf, desto mehr bits oder Fünfmarkstücke.
Der entscheidende Aspekt in Shannons mathematischer Theorie der Kommunikation ist, "daß die tatsächliche Nachricht aus einem Vorrat von möglichen Nachrichten ausgewählt wurde". Ahnlich in der binären Logik des Fernsehquiz': Hier wählen die Ratenden aus einer endlichen Zahl beruflicher Lebenswelten, die gleichsam durch sogenannte "typische Handbewegungen" in diskrete Einheiten zerhackt werden. Mathematik und Unterhaltung kommen dabei in einem überein: in der Bedeutungslosigkeit. Shannons Modell abstrahiert davon, ob Nachrichten "Bedeutung" haben, also sich "auf bestimmte physikalische oder begriffliche Größen" beziehen. Ihn interessiert nur, ob und wie die Informationen im gegebenen Kanal störungsfrei übertragen werden können. Die Unterhaltungsindustrie wiederum, deren binäre Logik auf der Unterscheidung zwischen dem Interessanten und dem Langweiligen beruht, kümmert sich nicht darum, ob sich die generierte Information auf wirtschaftliche oder politische Größen bezieht. Sie interessiert nur, ob der Fernseher eingeschaltet bleibt. Entscheidend ist für Shannon der Aspekt der Auswahl etwa aus Buchstaben eines Alphabets, weil damit die Statistik zum Zug kommen kann. Damit läßt sich beispielsweise der Informationsgehalt der deutschen Schriftsprache messen. Nimmt man an, daß alle 30 Zeichen (29 Buchstaben plus Leerzeichen) gleich verteilt sind, ergibt sich ein Informationsgehalt von 4,9 bit. In Wirklichkeit ist jedoch die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Wahl der verschiedenen Buchstaben, Silben und Wörter in einer natürlichen Sprache in jedem Stadium des Prozesses von der vorhergegangenen Auswahl abhängig. Einen solchen Prozeß bezeichnet die Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie als Markow-Prozeß oder Markow-Kette. Berücksichtigt man also die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung von Buchstabenfolgen, so erhält man einen viel kleineren mittleren Informationsgehalt der deutschen Schriftsprache, nämlich 1,6 bit.
Damit kann man ihre Redundanz errechnen: Sie ist 4,9 bit minus 1,6 bit gleich 3,3 bit. Das bedeutet, daß die Hälfte von dem, was wir schreiben, von vornherein weitschweifig ist; es wäre auch dann noch lesbar, wenn jedes zweite Zeichen fehlen würde. Fehlende Buchstaben von Wörtern zu ergänzen, ist deshalb seit dem "Großen Preis" eine beliebte Übung in QuizShows. Beim Raten der Buchstaben scheinen die Kandidaten mit ihren Markow-Ketten in den Köpfen zu rasseln, bis endlich das Wunder des Sinns aufscheint und dem Zufallsprozeß eine höhere Ordnung entsteigt. Die Kandidaten vermögen diese Glücksgefühle der Transsubstantiation von Unsinn in Sinn innerhalb eines Zeitraums hervorzurufen, der unter der durch-' schnittlichen Schwelle der Langeweile des Publikums liegt. Im Spektrum zwischen dem bedeutungsfreien Materialismus der Shannonschen Kommunikationstheorie, der Fernsehen oder automatische Waffensysteme ermöglicht, und der tatsächlich gesendeten menschenfreundlichen Idiotie liegt der Bereich der technischen und kulturellen Reproduktion der Gesellschaft. Dazwischen gibt es Effekte mehr oder weniger "bedeutsamer" Kommunikation, die mehr dem einen, dann mehr dem anderen Pol angenähert sind. Shannons Formeln nähern sich ihrem unanschaulichen Gegenstand, der Über-' tragung Von Information, den sie (abgesehen von den kurzen erläuternden Texten um die Formeln herum) redundanzfrei darstellen. Damit sind sie für normalgebildete Menschen schon unverständlich. Die Herausgeber seiner Schriften, ernste Archäologen eines digitalen Totenkults, stellen damit so etwas wie den Stein von Rosetta vor uns hin. Sie machen uns damit neugierig auf den Kommentarband, der Essays zu Leben, Werk und Bedeutung Shannons sowie andere Dokumente verspricht. Denn wir ahnen, daß die mathemat sc en Hieroglyphen der vorliegenden Textauswahl die Antwort auf die Preisfrage nach dem Wesen unserer technisch formierten Kultur enthalten. Aber erst eine mediengeschichtliche Kryptanalyse, die sie in kulturgeschichtlichen Sinn übersetzt, wird ihren Inhalt tauglich machen für "Wer wird Millionär?"

Theme

Information

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Date

16.12.2001 14:01:22

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.14, S.1197-1202

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Date

15. 2.2007 19:00:22

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science

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Content

"Am 22. April jährte sich zum 150. Mal der Geburtstag von Henri Marie La Fontaine (1854-1943) aus Brüssel, einem der bedeutendsten europäischen Friedensaktivisten aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, 1913 ausgezeichnet mit dem Friedensnobelpreis. Den Veteranen der Dokumentationsbewegung wird der Name auch heute noch etwas sagen, waren es doch La Fontaine und sein Freund Paul Otlet, die 1892 das Office International de Bibliographie (OIB) gründeten; getragen von der Idee einer weltweiten universalen Gesamtdokumentation. Mit der Anerkennung des OIB durch die belgische Regierung und der Gründung des Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) im gleichen Jahr nimmt die moderne Dokumentationsbewegung ihren Lauf. Aus dem IIB wird 1931 das Institut International de Documentation (IID) und 1937 die Fédération Internationale de Documentation (FID); die Dezimalklassifikation (DK) wird zum Ordnungssystem der Universaldokumentation erklärt. Die Anerkennung und Förderung durch die belgische Regierung hatte einen realen Hintergrund. La Fontaine war seit 1894 sozialistischer Abgeordneter im belgischen Parlament - seit 1893 auch Professor für Internationales Recht in Brüssel - und hatte sich schon als junger Anwalt kompromisslos mit Fragen der Friedenserhaltung befasst. Es war nur folgerichtig, dass er zu der Erkenntnis gelangte, dass Dokumentation -und damit Information-ein notweniges und damit unverzichtbares Werkzeug zur Völkerverständigung ist. Die Beschäftigung mit der Dokumentation hat aber auch auf seine internationalen Aktivitäten zurückgewirkt. So ist die Idee zur Gründung einer Union der internationalen Organisationen (1907) bei seiner Arbeit im IIB entstanden, das "Yearbook of International Organizations" ist eine Folge davon. La Fontaine war ein überaus vielseitiger Politiker und Jurist. Die Liste seiner Interessen ist lang: Präsident des Internationalen Friedensbüros von 1907 bis an sein Lebensende, belgischer Delegierter bei Friedenskonferenzen; er befasste sich mit Fragen der Abrüstung, der Gründung eines Zusammenschlusses der Nationalstaaten wie der eines Weltgerichtshofs. Und nicht zuletzt setzte er sich für die Rechte der Frauen und den Achtstundenarbeitstag ein. Er war im wahrsten Sinne ein Initiator auf vielen Gebieten. Dass La Fontaine vergessen wurde, hat sicher viele Gründe: Viele seiner Ideen sind heute banale Wirklichkeit. Während der Zeit des nationalsozialistischen Regimes, in der sich die Dokumentation in Deutschland weitgehend formierte und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation 1941 entstand, war er eine Unperson, deren Namen man nicht nannte. Und schließlich: Dokumentation war für ihn nur ein Werkzeug, weder Ideologie, noch Wissenschaft, noch Geschäft, es lohnt sich, daran zu erinnern."

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 55(2004) H.4, S.196-197

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Abstract

Prof. Arashanipalai Neelameghan (AN) has been associated with the Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS) since its founding by Dr. S. R. Ranganathan (Dr.SRR) in 1961 (registered with the Treasurer of Charitable Endowments, Government of India, New Delhi, in 1963). Its aims and objectives briefly are: to improve the library and information services in India; to train library and information service personnel; to promote the provision of efficient library and information service; and to apply research results of library and information studies.

Source

Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays: Professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift. Ed. by K.S. Raghavan and K.N. Prasad

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Source

nfd Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 52(2001) H.7, S.429-432

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Abstract

When the festschrift volume was conceived, I was asked to contribute to the volume because of my professional association with Professor A. Neelameghan (AN), who was my teacher at the Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) established by Dr S.R. Ranganathan in 1962. We have co-authored papers for conferences and periodicals and he has been a mentor for my own research. I am delighted to contribute this article based on interviews and discussions with him. Prof. Neelameghan (AN) has had a very distinguished professional career with a broad range of interests including, library and information science education, information systems and services, information policy, management, industrial information services, database design, knowledge organization and related tools. He joined Dr. S.R. Ranganathan in 1962 at the DRTC in Bangalore, India, where he made prolific contributions to research, especially in the area of knowledge organization.

Source

Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays: Professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift. Ed. by K.S. Raghavan and K.N. Prasad

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Source

Password. 2002, H.6, S.22-25

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Abstract

Foster Edward Mohrhardt was a librarian in federal libraries for much of his career and served as the director of the National Agricultural Library from 1954 to 1968. Throughout his long library career, he used the freedom of his directorship to participate in a variety of high-level projects across organizations. This role served both to advance the prestige of the National Agricultural Library and to promote his personal goal to develop national and international library networks to support scientific communication. He worked actively throughout his career to bring librarians and documentalists together to address information problems outlined by practicing scientists and policymakers at a time when there was contention and competition between librarianship and documentation, which was then emerging as a new discipline. Mohrhardt considered librarianship an international endeavor, requiring cooperation and creativity to increase access to information produced in other countries. He saw libraries as essential to the growth of science and successful service necessarily tied to the development of national and international information systems. He mobilized people and resources to develop agricultural and research libraries and expand librarianship throughout the world. In light of current trends in scientific communication, and reemerging tensions concerning the role of libraries in information systems development, Mohrhardt's work is a significant model for increasing the prevalence of library expertise in current scientific data management activities. As a diplomat who bridged librarianship and documentation, his career as a librarian and an organizational leader deserves renewed attention.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science

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Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.10, S.959-962

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Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.14, S.1874-1976

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Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.5, S.852-854

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Abstract

Presents a brief overview of Prof. A. Neelameghan's works/contributions more particularly to classification and knowledge organization, based on papers abstracted in Library and Information Science Abstracts and Information Science Abstracts, since the early 1960s when he joined Dr. S.R. Ranganathan at the Documentation Research and Training Centre, in Bangalore. Concludes "Following the path of Neelameghan's research and publication we get a picture of how certain aspects of knowledge organization have developed with particular emphasis on the importance and impact offaceted classification in that development. The result is an outstanding contribution to the history, development and application of the facet model developed by Ranganathan, affirmed at the Dorking Conference in 1957 and seemingly reaffirmed" in the present analysis in 2003.

Source

Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays: Professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift. Eds.: K.S. Raghavan u. K.N. Prasad

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Abstract

Margaret Egan (1905-59) taught at the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago (1946-55) and at the School of Library Science at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio (1955-59). With her colleague Jesse Shera, Egan wrote "Foundations of a Theory of Bibliography" for Library Quarterly in 1952; this article marked the first appearance of the term "social epistemology." After Egan's death, Shera has often been credited for the idea of social epistemology. However, there is ample evidence to show that it was Egan who originated the concept-one that is commonly viewed as fundamental to the theoretical foundations of library and information science.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science