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Lonsdale, D.; Mitamura, T.; Nyberg, E.: Acquisition of large lexicons for practical knowledge-based MT (1994/95) 0.01
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Abstract

Although knowledge based MT systems have the potential to achieve high translation accuracy, each successful application system requires a large amount of hand coded lexical knowledge. Systems like KBMT-89 and its descendants have demonstarted how knowledge based translation can produce good results in technical domains with tractable domain semantics. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the development task for large scale applications with 10s of 1000s of of domain concepts precludes a purely hand crafted approach. The current challenge for the next generation of knowledge based MT systems is to utilize online textual resources and corpus analysis software in order to automate the most laborious aspects of the knowledge acquisition process. This partial automation can in turn maximize the productivity of human knowledge engineers and help to make large scale applications of knowledge based MT an viable approach. Discusses the corpus based knowledge acquisition methodology used in KANT, a knowledge based translation system for multilingual document production. This methodology can be generalized beyond the KANT interlinhua approach for use with any system that requires similar kinds of knowledge
Strötgen, R.; Mandl, T.; Schneider, R.: Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Question Answering Systems im Rahmen des Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) (2006) 0.01
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Abstract

Question Answering Systeme versuchen, zu konkreten Fragen eine korrekte Antwort zu liefern. Dazu durchsuchen sie einen Dokumentenbestand und extrahieren einen Bruchteil eines Dokuments. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung eines modularen Systems zum multilingualen Question Answering. Die Strategie bei der Entwicklung zielte auf eine schnellstmögliche Verwendbarkeit eines modularen Systems, das auf viele frei verfügbare Ressourcen zugreift. Das System integriert Module zur Erkennung von Eigennamen, zu Indexierung und Retrieval, elektronische Wörterbücher, Online-Übersetzungswerkzeuge sowie Textkorpora zu Trainings- und Testzwecken und implementiert eigene Ansätze zu den Bereichen der Frage- und AntwortTaxonomien, zum Passagenretrieval und zum Ranking alternativer Antworten.

Rettinger, A.; Schumilin, A.; Thoma, S.; Ell, B.: Learning a cross-lingual semantic representation of relations expressed in text (2015) 0.01

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Series: Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI; Bd. 9088

Bian, G.-W.; Chen, H.-H.: Cross-language information access to multilingual collections on the Internet (2000) 0.01

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Date: 16. 2.2000 14:22:39

Chen, K.-H.: Evaluating Chinese text retrieval with multilingual queries (2002) 0.01
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Abstract

This paper reports the design of a Chinese test collection with multilingual queries and the application of this test collection to evaluate information retrieval Systems. The effective indexing units, IR models, translation techniques, and query expansion for Chinese text retrieval are identified. The collaboration of East Asian countries for construction of test collections for cross-language multilingual text retrieval is also discussed in this paper. As well, a tool is designed to help assessors judge relevante and gather the events of relevante judgment. The log file created by this tool will be used to analyze the behaviors of assessors in the future.
Pollitt, A.S.; Ellis, G.: Multilingual access to document databases (1993) 0.01
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Abstract

This paper examines the reasons why approaches to facilitate document retrieval which apply AI (Artificial Intelligence) or Expert Systems techniques, relying on so-called "natural language" query statements from the end-user will result in sub-optimal solutions. It does so by reflecting on the nature of language and the fundamental problems in document retrieval. Support is given to the work of thesaurus builders and indexers with illustrations of how their work may be utilised in a generally applicable computer-based document retrieval system using Multilingual MenUSE software. The EuroMenUSE interface providing multilingual document access to EPOQUE, the European Parliament's Online Query System is described.
Airio, E.: Who benefits from CLIR in web retrieval? (2008) 0.01
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Abstract

Purpose - The aim of the current paper is to test whether query translation is beneficial in web retrieval. Design/methodology/approach - The language pairs were Finnish-Swedish, English-German and Finnish-French. A total of 12-18 participants were recruited for each language pair. Each participant performed four retrieval tasks. The author's aim was to compare the performance of the translated queries with that of the target language queries. Thus, the author asked participants to formulate a source language query and a target language query for each task. The source language queries were translated into the target language utilizing a dictionary-based system. In English-German, also machine translation was utilized. The author used Google as the search engine. Findings - The results differed depending on the language pair. The author concluded that the dictionary coverage had an effect on the results. On average, the results of query-translation were better than in the traditional laboratory tests. Originality/value - This research shows that query translation in web is beneficial especially for users with moderate and non-active language skills. This is valuable information for developers of cross-language information retrieval systems.
Ballesteros, L.A.: Cross-language retrieval via transitive relation (2000) 0.01
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Abstract

The growth in availability of multi-lingual data in all areas of the public and private sector is driving an increasing need for systems that facilitate access to multi-lingual resources. Cross-language Retrieval (CLR) technology is a means of addressing this need. A CLR system must address two main hurdles to effective cross-language retrieval. First, it must address the ambiguity that arises when trying to map the meaning of text across languages. That is, it must address both within-language ambiguity and cross-language ambiguity. Second, it has to incorporate multilingual resources that will enable it to perform the mapping across languages. The difficulty here is that there is a limited number of lexical resources and virtually none for some pairs of languages. This work focuses on a dictionary approach to addressing the problem of limited lexical resources. A dictionary approach is taken since bilingual dictionaries are more prevalent and simpler to apply than other resources. We show that a transitive translation approach, where a third language is employed as an interlingua between the source and target languages, is a viable means of performing CLR between languages for which no bilingual dictionary is available
Bellaachia, A.; Amor-Tijani, G.: Proper nouns in English-Arabic cross language information retrieval (2008) 0.01
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Abstract

Out of vocabulary words, mostly proper nouns and technical terms, are one main source of performance degradation in Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) systems. Those are words not found in the dictionary. Bilingual dictionaries in general do not cover most proper nouns, which are usually primary keys in the query. As they are spelling variants of each other in most languages, using an approximate string matching technique against the target database index is the common approach taken to find the target language correspondents of the original query key. N-gram technique proved to be the most effective among other string matching techniques. The issue arises when the languages dealt with have different alphabets. Transliteration is then applied based on phonetic similarities between the languages involved. In this study, both transliteration and the n-gram technique are combined to generate possible transliterations in an English-Arabic CLIR system. We refer to this technique as Transliteration N-Gram (TNG). We further enhance TNG by applying Part Of Speech disambiguation on the set of transliterations so that words with a similar spelling, but a different meaning, are excluded. Experimental results show that TNG gives promising results, and enhanced TNG further improves performance.

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