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Abstract

The aim of this book is to highlight the relationship between knowledge representation and language in artificial intelligence, and in particular on the way in which the choice of representation influences the language used to discuss a problem - and vice versa. Opening with a discussion of knowledge representation methods, and following this with a look at reasoning methods, the author begins to make his case for the intimate relationship between language and representation. He shows how each representation method fits particularly well with some reasoning methods and less so with others, using specific languages as examples. The question of representation change, an important and complex issue about which very little is known, is addressed. Dr Hodgson gathers together recent work on problem solving, showing how, in some cases, it has been possible to use representation changes to recast problems into a language that makes them easier to solve. The author maintains throughout that the relationships that this book explores lie at the heart of the construction of large systems, examining a number of the current large AI systems from the viewpoint of representation and language to prove his point.

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Abstract

In this book Christian Jacquemin shows how the power of natural language processing (NLP) can be used to advance text indexing and information retrieval (IR). Jacquemin's novel tool is FASTR, a parser that normalizes terms and recognizes term variants. Since there are more meanings in a language than there are words, FASTR uses a metagrammar composed of shallow linguistic transformations that describe the morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic variations of words and terms. The acquired parsed terms can then be applied for precise retrieval and assembly of information. The use of a corpus-based unification grammar to define, recognize, and combine term variants from their base forms allows for intelligent information access to, or "linguistic data tuning" of, heterogeneous texts. FASTR can be used to do automatic controlled indexing, to carry out content-based Web searches through conceptually related alternative query formulations, to abstract scientific and technical extracts, and even to translate and collect terms from multilingual material. Jacquemin provides a comprehensive account of the method and implementation of this innovative retrieval technique for text processing.

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Abstract

Information extraction (IE) and text summarization (TS) are powerful technologies for finding relevant pieces of information in text and presenting them to the user in condensed form. The ongoing information explosion makes IE and TS critical for successful functioning within the information society. These technologies face particular challenges due to the inherent multi-source nature of the information explosion. The technologies must now handle not isolated texts or individual narratives, but rather large-scale repositories and streams---in general, in multiple languages---containing a multiplicity of perspectives, opinions, or commentaries on particular topics, entities or events. There is thus a need to adapt existing techniques and develop new ones to deal with these challenges. This volume contains a selection of papers that present a variety of methodologies for content identification and extraction, as well as for content fusion and regeneration. The chapters cover various aspects of the challenges, depending on the nature of the information sought---names vs. events,--- and the nature of the sources---news streams vs. image captions vs. scientific research papers, etc. This volume aims to offer a broad and representative sample of studies from this very active research field.

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Abstract

Natural Language is not only the most important means of communication between human beings, it is also used over historical periods for the preservation of cultural achievements and their transmission from one generation to the other. During the last few decades, the flod of digitalized information has been growing tremendously. This tendency will continue with the globalisation of information societies and with the growing importance of national and international computer networks. This is one reason why the theoretical understanding and the automated treatment of communication processes based on natural language have such a decisive social and economic impact. In this context, the semantic representation of knowledge originally formulated in natural language plays a central part, because it connects all components of natural language processing systems, be they the automatic understanding of natural language (analysis), the rational reasoning over knowledge bases, or the generation of natural language expressions from formal representations. This book presents a method for the semantic representation of natural language expressions (texts, sentences, phrases, etc.) which can be used as a universal knowledge representation paradigm in the human sciences, like linguistics, cognitive psychology, or philosophy of language, as well as in computational linguistics and in artificial intelligence. It is also an attempt to close the gap between these disciplines, which to a large extent are still working separately.

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Abstract

This book is an excellent introduction to multiword expressions. It provides a unique, comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this exciting topic in computational linguistics. The first part describes the diversity and richness of multiword expressions, including many examples in several languages. These constructions are not only complex and arbitrary, but also much more frequent than one would guess, making them a real nightmare for natural language processing applications. The second part introduces a new generic framework for automatic acquisition of multiword expressions from texts. Furthermore, it describes the accompanying free software tool, the mwetoolkit, which comes in handy when looking for expressions in texts (regardless of the language). Evaluation is greatly emphasized, underlining the fact that results depend on parameters like corpus size, language, MWE type, etc. The last part contains solid experimental results and evaluates the mwetoolkit, demonstrating its usefulness for computer-assisted lexicography and machine translation. This is the first book to cover the whole pipeline of multiword expression acquisition in a single volume. It is addresses the needs of students and researchers in computational and theoretical linguistics, cognitive sciences, artificial intelligence and computer science. Its good balance between computational and linguistic views make it the perfect starting point for anyone interested in multiword expressions, language and text processing in general.

Content

1.Introduction.- Part I.Multiword Expressions: a Tough Nut to Crack.- 2.Definitions and Characteristics.- 3 State of the Art in MWE Processing.- Part II.MWE Acquisition.- 4.Evaluation of MWE Acquisition.- 5.A New Framework for MWE Acquisition.- Part III Applications.- 6.Application 1: Lexicography.- 7.Application 2: Machine Translation.- 8.Conclusions.- Appendixes.- A.Extended List of Translation Examples.- B.Resources Used in the Experiments.- C.The mwetoolkit: Documentation.- D.Tagsets for POS and syntax.- E.Detailed Lexicon Descriptions.

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Abstract

This book studies language(s) and linguistic theories from a mathematical point of view. Starting with ideas already contained in Montague's work, it develops the mathematical foundations of present day linguistics. It equips the reader with all the background necessary to understand and evaluate theories as diverse as Montague Grammar, Categorial Grammar, HPSG and GB. The mathematical tools are mainly from universal algebra and logic, but no particular knowledge is presupposed beyond a certain mathematical sophistication that is in any case needed in order to fruitfully work within these theories. The presentation focuses an abstract mathematical structures and their computational properties, but plenty of examples from different natural languages are provided to illustrate the main concepts and results. In contrast to books devoted to so-called formal language theory, languages are seen here as semiotic systems, that is, as systems of signs. A language sign correlates form with meaning. Using the principle of compositionality it is possible to gain substantial insight into the interaction between form and meaning in natural languages.

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Abstract

This is a reference guide to language technology organizations and products around the world. Areas covered in the directory include: Artificial intelligence, Document storage and retrieval, Electronic dictionaries (mono- and multilingual), Expert language systems, Multilingual word processors, Natural language database interfaces, Term databanks, Terminology management, Text content analysis, Thesauri

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Classification

Tec A 8 Kommunikation

SBB

Tec A 8 Kommunikation

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Abstract

Review of various approaches to automatic thesaurus formation and presentation of the SEXTANT system to analyse text and to determine the basic syntactic contexts for words. Presents an automated method for creating a first-draft thesaurus from raw text. It describes natural processing steps of tokenization, surface syntactic analysis, and syntactic attribute extraction. From these attributes, word and term similarity is calculated and a thesaurus is created showing important common terms and their relation to each other, common verb-noun pairings, common expressions, and word family members

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Abstract

In the global research community, English has become the main language of scholarly publishing in many disciplines. At the same time, online machine translation systems have become increasingly easy to access and use. Is this a researcher's match made in heaven, or the road to publication perdition? Here Lynne Bowker and Jairo Buitrago Ciro introduce the concept of machine translation literacy, a new kind of literacy for scholars and librarians in the digital age. For scholars, they explain how machine translation works, how it is (or could be) used for scholarly communication, and how both native and non-native English-speakers can write in a translation-friendly way in order to harness its potential. Native English speakers can continue to write in English, but expand the global reach of their research by making it easier for their peers around the world to access and understand their works, while non-native English speakers can write in their mother tongues, but leverage machine translation technology to help them produce draft publications in English. For academic librarians, the authors provide a framework for supporting researchers in all disciplines as they grapple with producing translation-friendly texts and using machine translation for scholarly communication - a form of support that will only become more important as campuses become increasingly international and as universities continue to strive to excel on the global stage. Machine Translation and Global Research is a must-read for scientists, researchers, students, and librarians eager to maximize the global reach and impact of any form of scholarly work.

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Abstract

The translation of foreign language texts by computers was one of the first tasks that the pioneers of Computing and Artificial Intelligence set themselves. Machine translation is again becoming an importantfield of research and development as the need for translations of technical and commercial documentation is growing well beyond the capacity of the translation profession.This is the first textbook of machine translation, providing a full course on both general machine translation systems characteristics and the computational linguistic foundations of the field. The book assumes no previous knowledge of machine translation and provides the basic background information to the linguistic and computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, natural language processing and information science.

Classification

Tec A 791 / Übersetzer

SBB

Tec A 791 / Übersetzer

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: WRIGHT, S.E.: Leveraging terminology resources across application boundaries: accessing resources in future integrated environments; PALME, K.: E-Commerce: Verhindert Sprache Business-to-business?; RÜEGGER, R.: Die qualität der virtuellen Information als Wettbewerbsvorteil: Information im Internet ist Sprache - noch; SCHIRMER, K. u. J. HALLER: Zugang zu mehrsprachigen Nachrichten im Internet; WEISS, A. u. W. WIEDEN: Die Herstellung mehrsprachiger Informations- und Wissensressourcen in Unternehmen; FULFORD, H.: Monolingual or multilingual web sites? An exploratory study of UK SMEs; SCHMIDTKE-NIKELLA, M.: Effiziente Hypermediaentwicklung: Die Autorenentlastung durch eine Engine; SCHMIDT, R.: Maschinelle Text-Ton-Synchronisation in Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft; HELBIG, H. u.a.: Natürlichsprachlicher Zugang zu Informationsanbietern im Internet und zu lokalen Datenbanken; SIENEL, J. u.a.: Sprachtechnologien für die Informationsgesellschaft des 21. Jahrhunderts; ERBACH, G.: Sprachdialogsysteme für Telefondienste: Stand der Technik und zukünftige Entwicklungen; SUSEN, A.: Spracherkennung: Akteulle Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Telekommunikation; BENZMÜLLER, R.: Logox WebSpeech: die neue Technologie für sprechende Internetseiten; JAARANEN, K. u.a.: Webtran tools for in-company language support; SCHMITZ, K.-D.: Projektforschung und Infrastrukturen im Bereich der Terminologie: Wie kann die Wirtschaft davon profitieren?; SCHRÖTER, F. u. U. MEYER: Entwicklung sprachlicher Handlungskompetenz in englisch mit hilfe eines Multimedia-Sprachlernsystems; KLEIN, A.: Der Einsatz von Sprachverarbeitungstools beim Sprachenlernen im Intranet; HAUER, M.: Knowledge Management braucht Terminologie Management; HEYER, G. u.a.: Texttechnologische Anwendungen am Beispiel Text Mining

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Abstract

Work on relationships takes place in many communities, including, among others, data modeling, knowledge representation, natural language processing, linguistics, and information retrieval. Unfortunately, continued disciplinary splintering and specialization keeps any one person from being familiar with the full expanse of that work. By including contributions form experts in a variety of disciplines and backgrounds, this volume demonstrates both the parallels that inform work on relationships across a number of fields and the singular emphases that have yet to be fully embraced, The volume is organized into 3 parts: (1) Types of relationships (2) Relationships in knowledge representation and reasoning (3) Applications of relationships

Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Pt.1: Types of relationships: CRUDE, D.A.: Hyponymy and its varieties; FELLBAUM, C.: On the semantics of troponymy; PRIBBENOW, S.: Meronymic relationships: from classical mereology to complex part-whole relations; KHOO, C. u.a.: The many facets of cause-effect relation - Pt.2: Relationships in knowledge representation and reasoning: GREEN, R.: Internally-structured conceptual models in cognitive semantics; HOVY, E.: Comparing sets of semantic relations in ontologies; GUARINO, N., C. WELTY: Identity and subsumption; JOUIS; C.: Logic of relationships - Pt.3: Applications of relationships: EVENS, M.: Thesaural relations in information retrieval; KHOO, C., S.H. MYAENG: Identifying semantic relations in text for information retrieval and information extraction; McCRAY, A.T., O. BODENREICHER: A conceptual framework for the biiomedical domain; HETZLER, B.: Visual analysis and exploration of relationships

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Content

INHALT: Chris Biemann/Rainer Osswald: Automatische Erweiterung eines semantikbasierten Lexikons durch Bootstrapping auf großen Korpora - Ernesto William De Luca/Andreas Nürnberger: Supporting Mobile Web Search by Ontology-based Categorization - Rüdiger Gleim: HyGraph - Ein Framework zur Extraktion, Repräsentation und Analyse webbasierter Hypertextstrukturen - Felicitas Haas/Bernhard Schröder: Freges Grundgesetze der Arithmetik: Dokumentbaum und Formelwald - Ulrich Held/ Andre Blessing/Bettina Säuberlich/Jürgen Sienel/Horst Rößler/Dieter Kopp: A personalized multimodal news service -Jürgen Hermes/Christoph Benden: Fusion von Annotation und Präprozessierung als Vorschlag zur Behebung des Rohtextproblems - Sonja Hüwel/Britta Wrede/Gerhard Sagerer: Semantisches Parsing mit Frames für robuste multimodale Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation - Brigitte Krenn/Stefan Evert: Separating the wheat from the chaff- Corpus-driven evaluation of statistical association measures for collocation extraction - Jörn Kreutel: An application-centered Perspective an Multimodal Dialogue Systems - Jonas Kuhn: An Architecture for Prallel Corpusbased Grammar Learning - Thomas Mandl/Rene Schneider/Pia Schnetzler/Christa Womser-Hacker: Evaluierung von Systemen für die Eigennamenerkennung im crosslingualen Information Retrieval - Alexander Mehler/Matthias Dehmer/Rüdiger Gleim: Zur Automatischen Klassifikation von Webgenres - Charlotte Merz/Martin Volk: Requirements for a Parallel Treebank Search Tool - Sally YK. Mok: Multilingual Text Retrieval an the Web: The Case of a Cantonese-Dagaare-English Trilingual e-Lexicon -
Karel Pala: The Balkanet Experience - Peter M. Kruse/Andre Nauloks/Dietmar Rösner/Manuela Kunze: Clever Search: A WordNet Based Wrapper for Internet Search Engines - Rosmary Stegmann/Wolfgang Woerndl: Using GermaNet to Generate Individual Customer Profiles - Ingo Glöckner/Sven Hartrumpf/Rainer Osswald: From GermaNet Glosses to Formal Meaning Postulates -Aljoscha Burchardt/ Katrin Erk/Anette Frank: A WordNet Detour to FrameNet - Daniel Naber: OpenThesaurus: ein offenes deutsches Wortnetz - Anke Holler/Wolfgang Grund/Heinrich Petith: Maschinelle Generierung assoziativer Termnetze für die Dokumentensuche - Stefan Bordag/Hans Friedrich Witschel/Thomas Wittig: Evaluation of Lexical Acquisition Algorithms - Iryna Gurevych/Hendrik Niederlich: Computing Semantic Relatedness of GermaNet Concepts - Roland Hausser: Turn-taking als kognitive Grundmechanik der Datenbanksemantik - Rodolfo Delmonte: Parsing Overlaps - Melanie Twiggs: Behandlung des Passivs im Rahmen der Datenbanksemantik- Sandra Hohmann: Intention und Interaktion - Anmerkungen zur Relevanz der Benutzerabsicht - Doris Helfenbein: Verwendung von Pronomina im Sprecher- und Hörmodus - Bayan Abu Shawar/Eric Atwell: Modelling turn-taking in a corpus-trained chatbot - Barbara März: Die Koordination in der Datenbanksemantik - Jens Edlund/Mattias Heldner/Joakim Gustafsson: Utterance segmentation and turn-taking in spoken dialogue systems - Ekaterina Buyko: Numerische Repräsentation von Textkorpora für Wissensextraktion - Bernhard Fisseni: ProofML - eine Annotationssprache für natürlichsprachliche mathematische Beweise - Iryna Schenk: Auflösung der Pronomen mit Nicht-NP-Antezedenten in spontansprachlichen Dialogen - Stephan Schwiebert: Entwurf eines agentengestützten Systems zur Paradigmenbildung - Ingmar Steiner: On the analysis of speech rhythm through acoustic parameters - Hans Friedrich Witschel: Text, Wörter, Morpheme - Möglichkeiten einer automatischen Terminologie-Extraktion.

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Abstract

For undergraduate or advanced undergraduate courses in Classical Natural Language Processing, Statistical Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Computational Linguistics, and Human Language Processing. An explosion of Web-based language techniques, merging of distinct fields, availability of phone-based dialogue systems, and much more make this an exciting time in speech and language processing. The first of its kind to thoroughly cover language technology at all levels and with all modern technologies this text takes an empirical approach to the subject, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corporations. The authors cover areas that traditionally are taught in different courses, to describe a unified vision of speech and language processing. Emphasis is on practical applications and scientific evaluation. An accompanying Website contains teaching materials for instructors, with pointers to language processing resources on the Web. The Second Edition offers a significant amount of new and extended material.

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Abstract

WordNet, an electronic lexical database, is considerd to be the most important resource available to researchers in computational linguistics, text analysis, and many related areas. English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexicalized concept. Different relations link the synonym sets. The purpose of this volume is twofold. First, it discusses the design of WordNet and the theoretical motivation behind it. Second, it provides a survey of representative applications, including word sense identification, information retrieval, selectional preferences of verbs, and lexical chains

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Issue

A collection of writings.