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  1. Martin, P.: Conventions and notations for knowledge representation and retrieval (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Much research has focused on the problem of knowledge accessibility, sharing and reuse. Specific languages (e.g. KIF, CG, RDF) and ontologies have been proposed. Common characteristics, conventions or ontological distinctions are beginning to emerge. Since knowledge providers (humans and software agents) must follow common conventions for the knowledge to be widely accessed and re-used, we propose lexical, structural, semantic and ontological conventions based on various knowledge representation projects and our own research. These are minimal conventions that can be followed by most and cover the most common knowledge representation cases. However, agreement and refinements are still required. We also show that a notation can be both readable and expressive by quickly presenting two new notations -- Formalized English (FE) and Frame-CG (FCG) - derived from the CG linear form [9] and Frame-Logics [4]. These notations support the above conventions, and are implemented in our Web-based knowledge representation and document indexation tool, WebKB¹ [7]
    Series
    Lecture notes in computer science; vol.1867: Lecture notes on artificial intelligence
  2. METS: an overview & tutorial : Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard (METS) (2001) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Maintaining a library of digital objects of necessaryy requires maintaining metadata about those objects. The metadata necessary for successful management and use of digital objeets is both more extensive than and different from the metadata used for managing collections of printed works and other physical materials. While a library may record descriptive metadata regarding a book in its collection, the book will not dissolve into a series of unconnected pages if the library fails to record structural metadata regarding the book's organization, nor will scholars be unable to evaluate the book's worth if the library fails to note that the book was produced using a Ryobi offset press. The Same cannot be said for a digital version of the saure book. Without structural metadata, the page image or text files comprising the digital work are of little use, and without technical metadata regarding the digitization process, scholars may be unsure of how accurate a reflection of the original the digital version provides. For internal management purposes, a library must have access to appropriate technical metadata in order to periodically refresh and migrate the data, ensuring the durability of valuable resources.
  3. Miller, E.; Ogbuji, U.: Linked data design for the visible library (2015) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    In response to libraries' frustration over their rich resources being invisible on the web, Zepheira, at the request of the Library of Congress, created BIBFRAME, a bibliographic metadata framework for cataloging. The model replaces MARC records with linked data, promoting resource visibility through a rich network of links. In place of formal taxonomies, a small but extensible vocabulary streamlines metadata efforts. Rather than using a unique bibliographic record to describe one item, BIBFRAME draws on the Dublin Core and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to generate formalized descriptions of Work, Instance, Authority and Annotation as well as associations between items. Zepheira trains librarians to transform MARC records to BIBFRAME resources and adapt the vocabulary for specialized needs, while subject matter experts and technical experts manage content, site design and usability. With a different approach toward data modeling and metadata, previously invisible resources gain visibility through linking.
  4. Chapman, L.: How to catalogue : a practical manual using AACR2 and Library of Congress (1990) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    A practical manual describing standard procedures in cataloguing using AACR2 1988 revision and LoC cataloguing data
  5. Hopkinson, A.: International data exchange : a question of formats (1992) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Paper presented at the International Symposium on Information Technology; Standards for biliographic control, Bangkok, Thailand, 4-8 Sept 89. Reviews the 3 formats for the international exchange of bibliographic data: UNIMARC, UNISIST Reference Manual, and UNESCO's Common Communication Format (CCF) and describes the origins, technical features and typical users for all 3 formats. Selection of the most appropriate format depends upon whether users participate in a library network, are employed by technical institutes, or need to exchange information with both types of organization
  6. Temmerman, P.: ISAD(G): de definitieve standaard? (1994) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Despite the extensive use of automation for archive management the creation of ISAD(G) (General International Standard Archival Description) was only accepted in January 1992. A special adaptation of the ISBD had already enabled a start to be made on creating MARC format records for archive collections. ISAD(G) will facilitate the exchange of data among collections. Whether the new standard will be suitable for all forms of archive depends on the willingness of archivists to adopt new technology
  7. USMARC format for community information : including guidelines for content designation (1993) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The latest format. Features specifications for inputting and communicating community information - i.e., information about non-bibliographic resources (programs, services, organizations, individuals, one-time and ongoing events) that fulfill a community's information needs. Defines the codes and conventions (tags, indicators, subfield codes and codes values) that identify the data elements in the records. Includes full record examples showing how records are coded
  8. Postlkethwaite, B.: LITA MARC Holdings Interest Group, American Library Association Conference, new Orleans, June 1993 (1994) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Discusses standards related to the USMARC holdings format. Considers issues of concern surrounding the following standards: Z39.71, the proposed standard for holdings statements for bibliographic items; Z39.50, the standard for intersystem search and retrieval; and X12, the national standard for the transmission of business data. Aslo discusses the relationship between EDI and the USMARC holdings format. Work is currently in progress to update the holdings format
  9. Green, B.: Towards international standards for book sector EDI (1995) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Describes the work of the British and European book industry communication stadards organizations BIC (Book Industry Communication) in the UK, EDItEUR (its pan-European counterpart), and BISAC (Book Industry Systems Advisory Committe). The work of the organisations enables collaboration between the publishing, bookselling, library and manufacturing sectors of the industry worldwide. Discusses Electronic Data Interchange (EDI); TeleOrdering; the international EDIFACT standard, EDI with SGML; and published lists of mandatory and recommended data elements for publishers' bibliographic databases
  10. Shaw, D.: Automating access to bibliographic information (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Contrasts early in house automation efforts, such as the development of the MARC format and bibliographic utilities, with the creation of databases by abstracting and indexing services. Concludes that today's attempts to provide unified bibliographic access to the library's entire collection must find ways to integrate this plethora of independently developed access tools
  11. Kokabi, M.: Is the future of MARC assured? (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    MARC is now more than 20 years old. It has been, and still is, criticized from different point of view. Reviews some of the positive and negative opinions on MARC, as expressed by different sectors of the profession, and studies the future of MARC in relation to technological innovations. Concludes that MARC remains a valuable means of communicating bibliographical information
  12. Plassard, M.-F.: IFLA Core Programme for Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (UBCIM) and Division of Bibliographic Control reports on activities 1994-1995 : IFLA core programme for Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (UBCIM) (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Explains the aims of the UBCIM programme for international records standards and systems integration. Discusses the UBC projects in cooperation with the Division of Bibliographic Control; the International Conference on National Bibliographic Services, Copenhagen 1997; a permanent UNIMARC committee; the list of UNIMARC users; workshops on UBC and UNIMARC; publications; relations with other organisations, coordination and clearing-house roles; and future activities
  13. Kokabi, M.: Is the future of MARC assured? (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The MARC machine readable catalogue is now more than 20 years old. It has been, and still is, criticized from different points of view. Reviews some positive and negative opinions on MARC as expressed by different sectors of the profession, and considers its future in relation to technological innovations. MARC remains a valuable means of communicating bibliographical information
  14. Keyser, P.d.: Conversie van bibliografische gegevens (1997) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Programs for converting bibligraphic data are not only of interest to libraries but also to researchers compiling bibliographies. However, few programs are currently available. In choosing a suitable program care must be taken to ensure that it is capable of identifying and converting all fields likely to be encountered, to the required format. Optical scanning can provide a convenient solution for converting printed output to machine-readable format. Increasing acceptance of standardised formats will facilitate exchange of data
  15. Willer, M.: Formats and cataloguing rules : developments for cataloguing electronic resources (1999) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Following a brief history of cataloguing and the MARC record format, describes current challenges in developing suitable international formats and cataloguing rules for dealing with electronic resources. Extensive references to the past and current literature provide an overview of the problems faced. Notes the role of the ISBD, Z39.50 protocol and the integration of Internet objects into the online catalogue
  16. Furrie, B.; Data Base Development Department of The Follett Software Company: Understanding MARC Bibliographic : Machine-readable cataloging (2000) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Vgl. auch unter: http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/. - Understanding MARC: Bibliographic was a copyrighted work originally published by the Follett Software Co. in 1988 (second edition, 1989, third edition, 1990, fourth edition, 1994, fifth edition, 1998)
  17. Hopkins, J.: USMARC as metadata shell (1999) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    This paper introduces the two concepts of Content and Coding which together define Metadata. The encoding scheme used to hold the data content is referred to as a shell. One such shell is the MARC format. In this paper I describe the MARC format and its application to Internet resources, primarily through the OCLC-sponsored Intercat Project
  18. ¬The core bibliographic record for music and sound recordings (1998) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Describes the background to the creation of a core bibliographic record for music and sound recordings, provides a definition of a core bibliographic record and presents the core record for printed and manuscript music and the core record for sound recordings which were prepared by the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres Working Group in Perugia, 1-6 Sep 1996
  19. German, L.: Bibliographic utilities (2009) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Bibliographic utilities have been in existence for more than 40 years. From the beginning, they were designed to promote resource sharing among their members. The core of a bibliographic utility is the database of bibliographic records. The structure of the bibliographic record is based upon Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC). Other services have evolved from the utilities' bibliographic database.
  20. Wall, C.E.; Cole, T.W.; Kazmer, M.M.: HyperText MARCup : a conceptualization for encoding, de-constructing, searching, retrieving, and using traditional knowledge tools (1995) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Pierian Press and the University of Illinois have been experimenting with directly parsing classified, analytical bibliographies into an electronic structure using the respective strengths of both HTML and MARC. This structure, which is explained and illustrated in this article, mitigates the weaknesses of each standard by drawing on the strengths of the other. The resulting electronic knowledge constructs can be mounted on local library systems and function as dynamic maps onto a specified subset of resources on those systems. Linkages can be added and/or removed to customize each construct to local holdings and/or needs

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