Search (68 results, page 1 of 4)

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Abstract

Conceptualizes 'information theory' as a collective term for all information related theoretical models produced by a number of disciplines. There is a consensus in the scholarly community that information science and informatics does not, at present, have a focused systematic foundation of theoretical knowledge. Argues that this open endedness of the theoretical context can work to the advantage of the information sciences because of its capacity to accomodate future multidisciplinary research results. Briefly reviews the characteristics of information theories and offers perspectives on the implications of these characteristics for information planning and practice. Concludes that information research, including individual, societal, environmental and technological aspects, benefits from the flexibility of an open conceptual framework that closely resembles the dynamic world or reality

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Abstract

The language and contents of the mass communications industry, and the products produced through and for commerical computerized information systems and networks, may appeal to relatively undeveloped aspects of our intellectual and spiritual faculties and could degrade rationalism and thus jeopardize the production of scientific knowledge. In particular, recent decades have seen a shift away from conceptual linguistic symbolism, historically used for scientific research and communication, to iconic symbolism and visual language, which may be poorly suited to scientific thought. Discusses the relationship between complex computing and telecommunications and both the content and the vehicles of learning and scientific research for the 21st century

Source

Social science computer review. 13(1995) no.2, S.207-221

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Abstract

An approach to establishing a relationship between knowing, informing and representing, using aspects of linguistic theory to clarify semantic theory as the basis for an overall theory of meaning. Linguistic knowledge is based on a conceptual matrix which defines convergence / divergence of the categories used to specify an object's parameters; work on the analysis of discourse emphasisis the social dimension of meaning, which is the basis of the theory of acts and speech. The evaluation criteria used to determine questions about the possibility of knowledge are necessarily decisive, this opens up promising perspectives if formulating a relationship between conceptual and pragmatic approaches

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Abstract

Describes the characteristics of the information era: a complex environment with which business attempts, mostly unsuccessfully, to cope using management information and decision support systems. The failures may be due to the fact that the decision maker does notknow what information to look for and where. The impact of the principle of incomplete knowledge upon current business information acquisition problems motivates this paper, which looks at the concepts of data, information, and knowledge in the light of cybernetic research concerning the role of signals, artificial intelligence regarding the nature of knowledge, and Borje Langefor's infological research. The latter bridges the gap between signal and knowledge by introducing the infological equation with information as a key concept. All recognise a communication process. Focuses on the semantic, pragmatic, and social aspects of communication. Concludes that Langefor's e-message concept should be further investigated

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Abstract

Navigation is a limited metaphor for hypermedia and website use that potentially constraints our understanding of human-computer interaction. Traces the emergence of the navigation metaphor and the emprical analysis of navigation measures in usability evaluation before suggesting an alternative concept to consider: shape. The shape concept affords a richer analytic tool for considering humans' use of digital documents and invokes social level analysis of meaning that are shared among discourse communities who both produce and consume the information resources

Date

6. 2.1999 20:10:22

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Abstract

Adopted and formatted in 1994 and reprinted with the permission of the American Association of School Librarians. Information literacy is the term being applied to the skills of information problem solving. Identifies the key elements of information literacy and presents a rationale for integrating information literacy into all aspects of the K-12 and post secondary curriculum

Date

11. 4.1996 14:22:40

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Abstract

What exactly are the Wellsian World Brain or World Encyclopedia ideas to which reference is so often made? What did they mean for Wells? What might they mean for us? This article examines closely what Wells says about them in his book, World Brain (1938), and in a number of works that elaborate what is expressed there. The article discusses aspects of the context within which Wells's conception of a new world encyclopedia organization was formulated and its role in the main trust of his thought. The article argues that Wells's ideas about a World Brain are embedded in a strucutre of thought that may be shown to entail on the one hand notions of social repression and control that must give us pause, and on the other a concept of the nature and organization of knowledge that may well be no longer acceptable. By examining Wells's ideas in some detail and attempting to articulate the systems of belief which shaped tham and which otherwise lie silent beneath them, the author hopes to provoke questions about current theorizing about the nature of global information systems and emergent intelligence

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Abstract

Presents a study of information seeking behaviour and information use viewed from the social constructionist viewpoint. Introduces social constructionism and presents a social constructionist critique of previous research into information use. Reviews generally the nature of discursive action and its analysis and focuses on the principle issue of information use as a discursive action

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Abstract

Information science is currently dominated by 2 paradigms: one emphasises information retrieval as a technological process, based on natural sciences; the other derives from the social sciences, focusing on the information process as a communication act. The first is based on the structure of atoms, the second as people as collective actors. In Brazil the social science approach predominates, chiefly through the influence of 3 currents of thought: American liberalism; German social democracy and French post-structuralism. The ideas of the chief exponents of these theories have been developed by Brazilian researchers, introducing elements from political economy, quantum physics, linguistics, social science and epistemology. This interdisciplinarity is the key to unity in information science

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Abstract

Controversies in modern ideas in social work directly reflect controversies in attitudes toward computer applications. Fundamental to modern problems with technology is the persisting dispute between 2 philosophical traditions. On one side there is the formal and technically oriented thinking: on the other the reflexive, dialectical and hermeneutical approach. The reappearance of the conflict in actual discussion is described considering data storage, formal methodology and the social impact of computer use

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Footnote

Übers. des Titels: The social accumulation of knowledge: an interdisciplinary approach

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Source

Social science computer review. 12(1994) no.2, S.242-249

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Abstract

Examines the complex relationship between information investment and socio-economic development with special reference to the relevance and appropriateness of the information services offered to developinf countries. Emphasises the importance of cultural relativism in the varying potential of information to influence social development. Proposes a civic networking model which contributes to the empowerment of the people by ensuring that: citizens are provided with free or subsidized access to community (and other) information resources; the local community has a high level of equity/ownership in the design and maintenance of the information system/service; and content is locally negotiated and validated

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Abstract

Examines the problems involved in accounting for in theoretical and empirical terms, the social context within which information is generated, sought for, acquired, evaluated, organized, disseminated, and used in complex formal organizations. Describes the findings of research based on an innovative theoretical approach that focuses on 1 important element of the social context of information, called the information use environment. This approach represents a conceptual advance that improves understanding of the complexities of the working world of information professionals

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Abstract

The information process is characterised by 3 phases: potential information, consolidated information and information as knowledge, at which point is becomes a means rather than an end. In the social context, knowledge functions both as a social institution and a socialising institution: since reality is constantly changing, knowledge thus becomes a perspective determined by individual experience. Distribution of knowledge is controlled by those who have access, and in a society marked by inequality such as Brazil this virtually excludes all those living on the margins. The production and distribution of knowledge is thus based on capitalist criteria, reflecting the practices of the owners of capital

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Abstract

This article is a contribution to the development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of LIS in the hope of giving a more precise evaluation of its current problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary framework for LIS, especially information retrieval (IR), in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The main problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and laguage does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for the organisation and retrieving of documents in LIS. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulates signs and how librarians work with meaning in practice when they design and run document mediating systems. The 'cognitive viewpoint' of Ingwersen and Belkin makes clear that information is not objective, but rather only potential, until it is interpreted by an individual mind with its own internal mental world view and purposes. It facilitates futher study of the social pragmatic conditions for the interpretation of concepts. This approach is not yet fully developed. The domain analytic paradigm of Hjoerland and Albrechtsen is a conceptual realisiation of an important aspect of this area. In the present paper we make a further development of a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human social communication by texts in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organised, self-creating) system. Other key ideas are from the semiotics of Peirce and also Warner. This is the understanding of signs as a triadic relation between an object, a representation and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, self-organising biological, psychological and social systems. Signification is created and controlled in an cybernetic way within social systems and is communicated through what Luhman calls generalised media, such as science and art. The modern socio-linguistic concept 'discourse communities' and Wittgenstein's 'language gane' concept give a further pragmatic description of the self-organising system's dynamic that determines the meaning of words in a social context. As Blair and Liebenau and Backhouse point out in their work it is these semantic fields of significance that are the true pragmatic tools of knowledge organisation and document retrieval. Methodologically they are the first systems to be analysed when designing document mediating systems as they set the context for the meaning of concepts. Several practical and analytical methods from linguistics and the sociology of knowledge can be used in combination with standard methodology to reveal the significant language games behind document mediation

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:01:22

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Abstract

This article develops a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human knowing in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organizing, self-creating) system. Another key idea comes from the semiotics of Peirce: the understanding of signs as a triatic relation between an object, a representation, and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, aelf-organizing, biological and social systems. As a concrete example we attempt to describe Library and Information Science (LIS) - especially Information Retrieval (IR) - in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The mn problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and language does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for LIS to organize and retrieve documents. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulate signs and how meaning is generated in autopoietic systems, and thereby the difference between physical and intellectual access

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Abstract

A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science identifies seven discourse strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are: (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internalisation of representations (d) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, (e) insistence upon knowledge, (f) constitution of the information scientist as an expert in image negotiation, and (g) instrumental reason, ruled by efficiency, standardisation, predictibility, and determination of effects. The discourse is guided throughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitive viewpoint's discursive strategy is to enable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural-scientific entities, and ti disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets