Search (28 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

Wissensökologie (knowledge ecology) ist ein noch ungewöhnlicher Begriff bzw. eine in der Kombination von Wissen und Ökologie für problematisch gehaltene Benennung Der dem Begriff zu Grunde liegende Anspruch dürfte unumstritten sein. Es geht um eine vernünftige, individuelle, soziale und kulturelle Entwicklung sowie politische Mitbestimmung und ökonomisches Wohlergehen sichernden und nachhaltigen Umgang mit den Ressourcen Wissen und Information. Umstritten allerdings sind die Wege, wie dieses Entwicklungsziel erreicht werden kann, und, weniger wichtig, umstritten, wie die Hinweisschilder auf diese Wege bezeichnet werden sollen, z. B. mit Wissensökologie oder Informationsökologie; auch Wissensallmende ist dafür ins Spiel gebracht worden. Es gibt keinen Konsens über eine Definition von Wissensökologie. Einige in die Nähe des Wissensmanagements gerückte Beispiele werden in den Beiträgen zu dem Band Knowledge Ecology Studies gegeben: "Knowledge ecology is an interdisciplinary field of management theory and practice .". Malhotra stellt Information ecology ebenfalls in den Zusammenhang von Knowledge management, andere zum Begriff der Innovation. Auf diesen Strang der Wissensökologie gehen wir im Weiteren nicht ein. Knowledge ecology wird auch im Zusammenhang mit Open Source-Software verwendet.

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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine motivators that drive Black Wikipedia contribution. The authors explore motivations around content contribution, effects of gender on motivations and self-perceptions of Black Wikipedia labor. Design/methodology/approach A total of 318 Black American Wikipedia contributors completed an online survey. The authors employed both quantitative and qualitative methods in the study including descriptive statistics, multivariate (MANOVA) and univariate (ANOVA) analysis of variance to examine gender differences in Wikipedia content contribution. In addition, open-ended responses were evaluated, through content analysis, to make inferences on their perceptions of Wikipedia labor. Findings This paper identifies racial identity and perceptions of information quality as strong motivators in content contribution among Black Wikipedians. Motivators are gender variant; men are more motivated than women with the lone exception being racial identity. Additionally, the study identifies Wikipedia as a contested space among Black contributors and is a site of resistance. Originality/value Black Wikipedians information activity is a relatively new and understudied phenomenon. This paper presents new insight and a deeper understanding of Black Wikipedians' motivations for information sharing behaviors in the most popular encyclopedia on the internet.

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Abstract

The Internet has substantially increased the online accessibility of scholarly publications and allowed researchers to access relevant information efficiently across different journals and databases (Costa & Meadows, ). Because of online accessibility, academic researchers tend to read more, and reading has become more superficial (Olle & Borrego, ), such that information overload has become an important issue. Given this circumstance, how the Internet affects knowledge transfer, or, more specifically, the citation behavior of researchers, has become a recent focus of interest. This study assesses the effects of the Internet on citation patterns in terms of 4 characteristics of cited documents: topic relevance, author status, journal prestige, and age of references. This work hypothesizes that academic scholars cite more topically relevant articles, more articles written by lower status authors, articles published in less prestigious journals, and older articles with online accessibility. The current study also hypothesizes that researcher knowledge level moderates such Internet effects. We chose the "IT and Group" subject area and collected 241 documents published in the pre-web period (1991-1995) and 867 documents published in the web-prevalent period (2006-2010) in the Web of Science database. The references of these documents were analyzed to test the proposed hypotheses, which are significantly supported by the empirical results.

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Abstract

Es klingt wie Science-Fiction, aber Facebock arbeitet wirklich daran: Das Online-Netzwerk forscht an einer Technologie, mit der Menschen ihre Gedanken ohne Umweg über eine Tastatur direkt in einen Computer schreiben können.

Date

22. 7.2004 9:42:33
22. 4.2017 11:58:05

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Content

"Es gibt Daten, Informationen und Fakten. Wenn man mir eine Zahlenreihe vorsetzt, dann handelt es sich um Daten: unterscheidbare Einheiten, im Fachjargon: Items. Wenn man mir sagt, dass diese Items stündliche Temperaturangaben der Aare im Berner Marzilibad bedeuten, dann verfüge ich über Information - über interpretierte Daten. Wenn man mir sagt, dies seien die gemessenen Aaretemperaturen am 22. August 2016 im Marzili, dann ist das ein Faktum: empirisch geprüfte interpretierte Daten. Dieser Dreischritt - Unterscheiden, Interpretieren, Prüfen - bildet quasi das Bindemittel des Faktischen, «the matter of fact». Wir alle führen den Dreischritt ständig aus und gelangen so zu einem relativ verlässlichen Wissen und Urteilsvermögen betreffend die Dinge des Alltags. Aber wie schon die Kurzcharakterisierung durchblicken lässt, bilden Fakten nicht den Felsengrund der Realität. Sie sind kritikanfällig, sowohl von der Interpretation wie auch von der Prüfung her gesehen. Um bei unserem Beispiel zu bleiben: Es kann durchaus sein, dass man uns zwei unterschiedliche «faktische» Temperaturverläufe der Aare am 22. August 2016 vorsetzt.
- Bewirtschaftung von Launen Bewirtschaftung von Launen: Das ist die politische Verlockung des postfaktischen Zeitalters. Ihr kommt die Internetgesellschaft als «Nichtwissenwollengesellschaft» entgegen. Wir fragen nicht, wie man objektives Wissen gewinnt und wie es begründet ist. Wir googeln. Wir haben die Suchmaschine bereits dermassen internalisiert, dass wir Wissen und Googeln gleichsetzen. Das führt zum gefährlichen Zustand erkenntnistheoretischer Verantwortungslosigkeit. Google-Wissen ist Wissensersatz. Es treibt uns das «Sapere aude» Kants aus: Wagnis und Mut, nach Gründen zu fragen, eine Aussage zu prüfen, bis wir herausgefunden haben, ob sie stimmt oder nicht. Demokratie ist der politische Raum, der uns das Recht für dieses Fragen und Prüfen gibt. In ihm beugt sich die Macht dem Argument, nicht das Argument sich der Macht. Allein schon indem man dies ausspricht, muss man zugeben, dass von einem gefährdeten Ideal die Rede ist. Die Zersetzung der Demokratie beginnt mit der Zersetzung ihrer erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen. Das heisst, sie ist bereits im Gange. Zeit, dass wir uns bewusstmachen, was auf dem Spiel steht."

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Abstract

Any classification system should be evaluated with respect to a variety of philosophical and practical concerns. This paper explores several distinct issues: the nature of a work, the value of a statement, the contribution of information science to philosophy, the nature of hierarchy, ethical evaluation, pre- versus postcoordination, the lived experience of librarians, and formalization versus natural language. It evaluates a particular approach to classification in terms of each of these but draws general lessons for philosophical evaluation. That approach to classification emphasizes the free combination of basic concepts representing both real things in the world and the relationships among these; works are also classified in terms of theories, methods, and perspectives applied.

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Abstract

In der Bildungspolitik wird primär oder fast ausschließlich die "Hardware" diskutiert: Ganztagsschulen, Gemeinschaftsschule, Durchlässigkeit des Schulsystems. Doch immer mehr Lehrer und Hochschuldozenten in Baden-Württemberg beklagen auch Defizite in der "Software" - Schülern und Studenten mangele es häufig an der Fähigkeit zum strukturierten Denken und Arbeiten. Die Kontext:Wochenzeitung will dazu ein neues Projekt zur Diskussion stellen.

Content

- Auch das Lernen funktioniert so: übers Konkrete zum Allgemeinen Der Vogel scheint gelandet. Und auch der Spatz. "Nach genau demselben Prinzip funktioniert eine gute Geschichte, eine Erzählung oder eine Reportage", sagt der Mann an der Tafel, der sich als Journalist vorgestellt hat. Und jetzt streichen die Oberstufler die letzten Fragezeichen aus ihren Gesichtern. "Klar", sagt einer, "eine Geschichte wird dann spannend, wenn sie ganz konkret erzählt wird, zum Beispiel was genau passiert ist oder wie jemand aussieht." Er überlegt. "Dann schnalle ich auch das Thema, um das es geht, gell?" Eine Schülerin feixt: "Ist das Thema dann der Vogel?" Der da vorne nickt wieder sein Akkord-Nicken. Und sieht sich in seiner didaktischen Mission jetzt ganz vorne. "Beim Lernen, also bei dem, was ihr macht, ist es genauso. Wenn in irgendeinem Fach ein neues Thema behandelt wird, eine Klausur oder eine schriftliche Ausarbeitung ansteht, habt ihr im Laufe der Zeit eine Menge konkreter Informationen beieinander. Und dann geht es darum: Wie zeigt sich das Thema in den einzelnen Informationen? Und was sind die einzelnen Dinge, an denen ich das Thema besonders griffig festmachen kann?" Der Möchtegern-Aristoteles an der Tafel hebt den Finger: "Wer so vorgeht, lernt schneller und effektiver - und er zeigt den Lehrern, dass er's kapiert hat. Und dass er ein Thema strukturieren kann." Mehrere Gymnasialklassen in Baden-Württemberg wurden von uns in den vergangenen Monaten bereits mit dieser Lernmethode traktiert. Neben "Lernen als Recherche" (siehe dazu "Sind Hauptschüler bessere Analytiker?" in der Rubrik "Pulsschlag") ist das ein weiteres Projekt, mit dem die Kontext:Wochenzeitung in Schulen geht und es kostenlos anbietet und umsetzt. Es geht um die Vermittlung von Denkstrukturen und -mustern, die das Lernen fördern sollen, letztlich um vernetztes Denken. Der Ansatz, strukturiert denken und arbeiten zu können, ist eine Kernkompetenz in der schulischen wie in jeder anderen Art von Ausbildung. Und in jedem Beruf. Laut einschlägigen Bildungsstudien und der Erfahrung vieler Lehrer und Ausbilder sind jedoch bei vielen Schülern gerade in diesem zentralen Kompetenzbereich Defizite festzustellen.
- Manche Seminararbeiten sind "wie Kraut und Rüben" Es mangelt demnach häufig an der Fähigkeit, etwa die Idee eines Textes an seinen ganz konkreten Strukturen zu erkennen und beschreiben zu können oder hinter der konkreten Gleichung das mathematische Prinzip zu realisieren. Derweil beklagen nicht nur Lehrer, sondern auch immer mehr Dozenten an Hochschulen und Universitäten, dass schriftliche Arbeiten ihrer Studenten häufig unstrukturiert daherkommen, "wie Kraut und Rüben". Seminare, die dieses Defizit beheben sollen, sind ein Renner bei Studenten. Offensichtlich spielt eben nicht nur die bildungspolitisch primär diskutierte Hardware wie etwa die Einrichtung von Ganztagsschulen eine wichtige Rolle, sondern auch die Frage, ob es auch in der Software an Schulen Änderungen geben sollte oder muss. Die Vermittlung von Kompetenzen und Lernmethoden steht zwar prominent in den Bildungsplänen, worauf gerne auch der ehemalige Lehrer und heutige Ministerpräsident Winfried Kretschmann verweist. Doch auf Knopfdruck oder Kommando lassen sich solche Fähigkeiten nicht abrufen - man muss sie lehren und lernen. Und Realität sei, so beklagen zahlreiche Gymnasiallehrer, dass gerade beim G 8 die Vermittlung des verdichteten Lernstoffes kaum Zeit dafür lasse, den Schülern intensiv genug Kompetenzen und Methoden nahezubringen. "Ist das jetzt die Vogel- oder die Spatzebene?" "Ich glaube, ich brauche für meine GFS noch mehr Spatzen oder Meisen." In etlichen Schulklassen, die wir in den vergangenen Wochen besucht haben, kursieren inzwischen tierisch merkwürdige Codesätze. Egal, ob es um Gedichtinterpretation geht, die Französische Revolution oder die Weimarer Republik, die Globalisierung, das Klima in Afrika, das deutsche Wahlrecht oder die Entwicklung des Musicals. Die Schüler lächeln dabei souverän: Wir haben verstanden.

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Abstract

Reading Comprehension tests are commonly used to assess the degree to which people comprehend what they read. This is why we work with the hypothesis that it is reasonable to use these tests to assess the degree to which a machine "comprehends" what it is reading. In this work, we evaluate Question Answering systems using Reading Comprehension tests from exams to enter University. This article analyses the datasets generated, the kind of inferences required, the methodology followed in three evaluation campaigns, the approaches presented by participants and current results. Besides, we study the evolution of systems and the main lessons learned in this evaluation process. We also show how current technologies are unable to pass university-entrance exams. This is because these tests require a deep understanding of texts, as well as detecting the similar meaning of phrases with different words. Future directions focused on these ideas seem more promising than including a massive amount of data for training systems, what has allowed systems to obtain outstanding results in Reading Comprehension tests with more straightforward questions. We think this study helps to increase the knowledge about how to develop better Question Answering systems.

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Abstract

This exploratory study contributes to research on relevance assessment by specifying criteria that are used in the judgment of information quality and credibility in Internet discussion forums. To this end, 4,739 messages posted to 160 Finnish discussion threads were analyzed. Of the messages, 20.5% contained explicit judgments of the quality of information and credibility in other messages. In the judgments, the forum participants employed both positive criteria such as validity of information and negative criteria such as dishonesty in argumentation. In the evaluation of the quality of the message's information content, the most frequently used criteria pertained to the usefulness, correctness, and specificity of information. In the judgment of information credibility, the main criteria included the reputation, expertise, and honesty of the author of the message. Since Internet discussion forums tend to emphasize the role of disputational discourse questioning rather than accepting the views presented by others, mainly negative criteria were used in the judgments. The generality of our claims is limited because we chose forums that focused on sensitive and value-laden topics; future work could explore credibility and quality judgment in other forums and forumlike venues such as question and answer sites as well as exploring how quality and credibility judgments interact with other aspects of forum use.

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Abstract

Anyone who has clarified a thought or prompted a response during a conversation by drawing a picture has exploited the potential of image making to convey information. Images are increasingly ubiquitous in daily communication due to advances in visually enabled information and communication technologies (ICT), such as information visualization applications, image retrieval systems, and virtual collaborative work tools. Although images are often used in social contexts, information science research concerned with the visual representation of information typically focuses on the image artifact and system building. To learn more about image making as a form of social interaction and as a form of information practice, a qualitative study examined face-to-face conversations involving the creation of ad hoc visualizations (i.e., "napkin drawings"). Interactional sociolinguistic concepts of conversational involvement and coordination guided multimodal analysis of video-recorded interactions that included spontaneous drawing. Findings show patterns in communicative activities associated with the visual representation of information. Furthermore, the activity of mark making contributes to the maintenance of conversational involvement in ways that are not always evident in the drawn artifact. This research has implications for the design and evaluation of visually enabled virtual collaboration environments, visual information extraction and retrieval systems, and data visualization tools.

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Series

Literary research, practice and evaluation; 9

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Abstract

What we consider to be the influence of philosophy on scientific thinking largely depends on how science perceives itself. The understanding and conscious human-oriented design of the relationship between the computer and the creatively active person - i.e. the design of a formal model and the non-formal, natural and social environment - is always more readily recognized as the fundamental philosophical, theoretical and methodological problem of informatics (computer science and information systems). Informatics/computer science results from the necessity to overcome the tension between technology-based automation, which is based on a purely syntactic interpretation and transformation of information, and creative and active people who carry out semantic information processing based on their knowledge. It is this tension that requires the development and use of user-oriented software and the formal operations to be integrated into complex human work processes. Conceptual strategies that foster the development and integration of modern information technologies into social organization are currently the topic of vivid philosophical and methodological discussions, reflecting the influence of different philosophical schools. The utilization of information technologies has significantly changed both employee working conditions and the relationship between organizations and their environment. The development of humanity-oriented computer science is a necessary condition for integrating computational systems into social contexts and for largely adapting these systems to the users' needs.

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Abstract

Purpose The concept of information is central to several fields of research and professional practice. So many definitions have been put forward that complete inventory is unachievable while authors have failed to reach a consensus. In the face of the present impasse, innovative proposals could rouse information theorists to action, but literature surveys tend to emphasize the common traits of definitions. Reviewers are inclined to iron out originality in information models; thus the purpose of this paper is to discover the creativity of authors attempting to define the concept of information and to stimulate the progress of studies in this field. Design/methodology/approach Because the present inquiry could be influenced and distorted by personal criteria and opinions, the authors have adopted precise criteria and guidelines. It could be said the present approach approximates a statistical methodology. Findings The findings of this paper include (1) The authors found 32 original definitions of information which sometimes current surveys have overlooked. (2) The authors found a relation between information theories and advances in information technology. (3) Overall, the authors found that researchers take account of a wide variety of perspectives yet overlook the notion of information as used by computing practitioners such as electronic engineers and software developers. Research limitations/implications The authors comment on some limitations of the procedure that was followed. Results 1 and 3 open up new possibilities for theoretical research in the information domain. Originality/value This is an attempt to conduct a bibliographical inquiry driven by objective and scientific criteria; its value lies in the fact that final report has not been influenced by personal choice or arbitrary viewpoints.

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Series

Literary research, practice and evaluation; 9

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Abstract

Previous research investigated how to leverage the new type of social data available on the web, e.g., tags, ratings and reviews, in recommending and personalizing information. However, previous works mainly focused on predicting ratings using collaborative filtering or quantifying personalized ranking quality in simulations. As a consequence, the effect of social information in user's information search and information-selection behavior remains elusive. The objective of our research is to investigate the effects of social information on users' interactive search and information-selection behavior. We present a computational method and a system implementation combining different graph overlays: social, personal and search-time user input that are visualized for the user to support interactive information search. We report on a controlled laboratory experiment, in which 24 users performed search tasks using three system variants with different graphs as overlays composed from the largest publicly available social content and review data from Yelp: personal preferences, tags combined with personal preferences, and tags and social ratings combined with personal preferences. Data comprising search logs, questionnaires, simulations, and eye-tracking recordings show that: 1) the search effectiveness is improved by using and visualizing the social rating information and the personal preference information as compared to content-based ranking. 2) The need to consult external information before selecting information is reduced by the presentation of the effects of different overlays on the search results. Search effectiveness improvements can be attributed to the use of social rating and personal preference overlays, which was also confirmed in a follow-up simulation study. With the proposed method we demonstrate that social information can be incorporated to the interactive search process by overlaying graphs representing different information sources. We show that the combination of social rating information and personal preference information improves search effectiveness and reduce the need to consult external information. Our method and findings can inform the design of interactive search systems that leverage the information available on the social web.

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Abstract

Purpose Arts-informed, visual research was conducted to document the pictorial metaphors that appear among original drawings of information. The purpose of this paper is to report the diversity of these pictorial metaphors, delineate their formal qualities as drawings, and provide a fresh perspective on the concept of information. Design/methodology/approach The project utilized pre-existing iSquare drawings of information that were produced by iSchool graduate students during a draw-and-write activity. From a data set of 417 images, 125 of the strongest pictorial metaphors were identified and subjected to cognitive metaphor theory. Findings Overwhelmingly, the favored source domain for envisioning information was nature. The most common pictorial metaphors were: Earth, web, tree, light bulb, box, cloud, and fishing/mining, and each brings different qualities of information into focus. The drawings were often canonical versions of objects in the world, leading to arrays of pictorial metaphors marked by their similarity. Research limitations/implications Less than 30 percent of the data set qualified as pictorial metaphors, making them a minority strategy for representing information as an image. The process to identify and interpret pictorial metaphors was highly subjective. The arts-informed methodology generated tensions between artistic and social scientific paradigms. Practical implications The pictorial metaphors for information can enhance information science education and fortify professional identity among information professionals. Originality/value This is the first arts-informed, visual study of information that utilizes cognitive metaphor theory to explore the nature of information. It strengthens a sense of history, humanity, nature, and beauty in our understanding of information today, and contributes to metaphor research at large.

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Abstract

A clear line of argument can be set out to link the (passive) intellectual freedom rights offered by Article Nineteen of the United Nations' Universal Declaration on Human Rights, to a consequent responsibility on governments, professionals and civil society activists for the (active) creation of suitable conditions for the effective exercise of intellectual freedom. Commentators on media in society and socially responsible computing are also increasingly drawing conclusions of this kind and stressing the importance of Media Literacy and Computer Literacy. This line of argument naturally directs attention towards the rationale currently offered for Information Literacy as a focus of professional activity. Whilst there are many elaborately worked-out programmes for Information Literacy instruction, these have so far been largely derived from practical perceptions of need. However, broad statements such as the Prague Declaration 'Towards an Information Literate Society' of 2003 and the Alexandria Proclamation of 2005 can be seen as beginning to point towards a rationale for Information Literacy activities rooted in human rights, Article Nineteen in particular. The contention is that starting from a human rights perspective leads towards a strong, inclusive interpretation of Information Literacy. This subsumes Media Literacy, Computer Literacy, Web Literacy and, to a considerable extent, Civic Literacy into a model that serves human needs rather than the established priorities of information professionals. The value of this approach for both practice and research is stressed.

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Date

12. 7.2011 18:22:52

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Date

16. 6.2014 19:22:57