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  • × theme_ss:"Information"
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  1. Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001) 0.28 
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    Source
    Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
  2. Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981) 0.28 
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    Source
    http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
  3. Dervin, B.: Information as a user construct : the relevance of perceived information needs to synthesis and interpretation (1983) 0.03 
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    Source
    Knowledge structure and use: implications for synthesis and interpretation. Ed.: S.A. Ward u. L.J. Reed
  4. Umstätter, W.: Schrift, Information, Interpretation und Wissen (1992) 0.03 
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  5. Jochum, U.: Bibliothek, Buch und Information (1991) 0.03 
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    Footnote
    Erwiderung darauf: Umstätter, W.: Schrift, Information, Interpretation und Wissen
  6. Weizenbaum, J.: Wir gegen die Gier (2008) 0.03 
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    Content
    Als Beispiel der Anwendung von Metaphern in den Naturwissenschaften fällt mir dieses ein: Ein schwarzes Loch ist ein Stern, dessen Anziehungskraft so stark ist, dass keine Information entfliehen kann. Aber buchstäblich ist so ein Stern nicht "schwarz", noch ist er ein "Loch". Und Information, also elektromagnetische Teilchen, "entfliehen" den ordinären Sternen nicht. Mein Kollege Norbert Wiener schrieb einmal: "Information ist Information, nicht Materie oder Energie." Sie ist immer eine private Leistung, nämlich die der Interpretation, deren Ergebnis Wissen ist. Information hat, wie, zum Beispiel die Aufführung eines Tanzes, keine Permanenz; sie ist eben weder Materie noch Energie. Das Maß der Wahrheit des produzierten Wissens hängt von der Qualität der angewandten Interpretation ab. Wissen überlebt, nämlich indem es den denkenden Menschen buchstäblich informiert, also den Zustand seines Gehirns ändert. Claude Shannons Informationstheorie lehrt uns, dass die Bedeutung einer Nachricht von der Erwartung des Empfängers abhängt. Sie ist nicht messbar, denn Nachrichten sind pure Signale, die keine inhärente Bedeutung bergen. Enthält das New Yorker Telefonbuch Information? Nein! Es besteht aus Daten, nämlich aus Texten, die, um zu Information und Wissen zu werden, interpretiert werden müssen. Der Leser erwartet, dass gewisse Inhalte Namen, Adressen und Telefonnummern repräsentieren. Enthält dieses Telefonbuch die Information, dass viele Armenier nahe beieinander wohnen?
    Date
    16. 3.2008 12:22:08
  7. Spiro, R.J.: Understanding and remembering verbal information : implications of psychological research for knowledge synthesis (1983) 0.03 
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    Source
    Knowledge structure and use: implications for synthesis and interpretation. Ed.: S.A. Ward and L.J. Reed
  8. Morris, J.: Individual differences in the interpretation of text : implications for information science (2009) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Many tasks in library and information science (e.g., indexing, abstracting, classification, and text analysis techniques such as discourse and content analysis) require text meaning interpretation, and, therefore, any individual differences in interpretation are relevant and should be considered, especially for applications in which these tasks are done automatically. This article investigates individual differences in the interpretation of one aspect of text meaning that is commonly used in such automatic applications: lexical cohesion and lexical semantic relations. Experiments with 26 participants indicate an approximately 40% difference in interpretation. In total, 79, 83, and 89 lexical chains (groups of semantically related words) were analyzed in 3 texts, respectively. A major implication of this result is the possibility of modeling individual differences for individual users. Further research is suggested for different types of texts and readers than those used here, as well as similar research for different aspects of text meaning.
  9. Franken, G.: Weglassen öffnet den Weg zur Welt : BuchMalerei und Wortarchitektur von Elisabeth Jansen in Küchenhof-Remise (2004) 0.02 
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    Content
    "Die Welt des Informationszeitalters dringt auf den Menschen immer heftiger und geballter ein - und zugleich immer verschlüsselter, codierter, gefiltert und vermittelt als Medienbotschaft. Die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Zeichen, ob in visualisierender Form oder textlich gefasst, hat die Hebborner Künstlerin Elisabeth Jansen seit Jahren in den Mittelpunkt ihrer meist kleinformatigen Arbeiten gestellt: Dem Informationsüberfluss, der sich in seiner lautstarken Überlagerung zum Informationsrauschen entwickelt, begegnet sie mit einem energischen und impulgesteuerten Auswahl- und Reduzierungsschritt, wobei Collage und farbliche Abdeckung die bevorzugten Instrumente der Datenzähmung darstellen. In der Remise des Altenberger Küchenhofes sind Ergebnisse ihrer enorm fruchtbaren Produktion aus den letzten Jahren unter dem Titel "BuchMalerei und Wortarchitektur" bis zum 13. Juni zu besichtigen. Ausgangspunkt ihrer Werke ist oft ein irgendwie gestaltetes Papier: ein Kalenderblatt, ein Prospekt, eine Kunstpost karte, die unter dem Lackstift ihre Physiognomie verliert. Die Konturen der Auslassungen, die dem Untergrund erlauben, noch partiell in Erscheinung zu treten, zwingen dem Träger eine völlig neue Interpretation auf. Es bilden sich Umrisse und Gestalten von fragmentarisierter, torsohafter Form, die nur in Ausnahmefällen vorgefundene Elemente als formalisierte Struktur aufgreifen und einbinden, durch zeichnerische Figuren ergänzt. Welt erhält neue Bedeutung, wird auf dem Papier - eigentlich im Kopf - neu konstruiert. Besondere Dichte erhält diese Neuformulierung in den Künstlerbüchern; in denen Elisabeth Jansen über einen längeren Zeitraum tagebuchoder albumartig einen solchen Transformationsprozess fortführt. Diese annalistisch fortlaufenden Kommentare finden ihre Zuspitzung in den Wortarchitekturen", in denen einzelne Worte oder Zeilenbruchstücke aus der Tageslektüre ausgewählt und zu neuen Textkörpern addiert werden: Welt wird zu einem Kaleidoskop von Eindrücken, die sich zufälligen Standpunkten verdanken. Was bleibt, entscheidet das Subjekt selbst."
    Date
    3. 5.1997 8:44:22
  10. Kaeser, E.: ¬Das postfaktische Zeitalter (2016) 0.02 
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    Content
    "Es gibt Daten, Informationen und Fakten. Wenn man mir eine Zahlenreihe vorsetzt, dann handelt es sich um Daten: unterscheidbare Einheiten, im Fachjargon: Items. Wenn man mir sagt, dass diese Items stündliche Temperaturangaben der Aare im Berner Marzilibad bedeuten, dann verfüge ich über Information - über interpretierte Daten. Wenn man mir sagt, dies seien die gemessenen Aaretemperaturen am 22. August 2016 im Marzili, dann ist das ein Faktum: empirisch geprüfte interpretierte Daten. Dieser Dreischritt - Unterscheiden, Interpretieren, Prüfen - bildet quasi das Bindemittel des Faktischen, «the matter of fact». Wir alle führen den Dreischritt ständig aus und gelangen so zu einem relativ verlässlichen Wissen und Urteilsvermögen betreffend die Dinge des Alltags. Aber wie schon die Kurzcharakterisierung durchblicken lässt, bilden Fakten nicht den Felsengrund der Realität. Sie sind kritikanfällig, sowohl von der Interpretation wie auch von der Prüfung her gesehen. Um bei unserem Beispiel zu bleiben: Es kann durchaus sein, dass man uns zwei unterschiedliche «faktische» Temperaturverläufe der Aare am 22. August 2016 vorsetzt.
    - Das Amen des postmodernen Denkens Was nun? Wir führen den Unterschied zum Beispiel auf Ablesefehler (also auf falsche Interpretation) zurück oder aber auf verschiedene Messmethoden. Sofort ist ein Deutungsspielraum offen. Nietzsches berühmtes Wort hallt wider, dass es nur Interpretationen, keine Fakten gebe. Oder wie es im Englischen heisst: «Facts are factitious» - Fakten sind Artefakte, sie sind künstlich. Diese Ansicht ist quasi das Amen des postmodernen Denkens. Und als besonders tückisch an ihr entpuppt sich ihre Halbwahrheit. Es stimmt, dass Fakten oft das Ergebnis eines langwierigen Erkenntnisprozesses sind, vor allem heute, wo wir es immer mehr mit Aussagen über komplexe Systeme wie Migrationsdynamik, Meteorologie oder Märkte zu tun bekommen. Der Interpretationsdissens unter Experten ist ja schon fast sprichwörtlich.
  11. Dick, A.L.: Restoring knowledge as a theoretical focus of library and information science (1995) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Information is displacing knowledge as the principle theoretical focus of library and information science. A growing concensus regarding the disciplinary meaning of information, however is sustained at a more fundamental level by a specific conception of knowledge. Analyses a variety of conceptions of knowledge and its relations to information in anattempt to contextualizes the conception underlying the widely held interpretation of information. Recommends the restoration of knowledge as a fundamental study for information professionals
  12. Ma, Y.: Internet: the global flow of information (1995) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Colours, icons, graphics, hypertext links and other multimedia elements are variables that affect information search strategies and information seeking behaviour. These variables are culturally constructed and represented and are subject to individual and community interpretation. Hypothesizes that users in different communities (in intercultural or multicultural context) will interpret differently the meanings of the multimedia objects on the Internet. Users' interpretations of multimedia objects may differ from the intentions of the designers. A study in this area is being undertaken
  13. Capurro, R.; Hjoerland, B.: ¬The concept of information (2002) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The concept of information as we use it in everyday English, in the sense of knowledge communicated, plays a central role in contemporary society. The development and widespread use of computer networks since the end of World War II, and the emergence of information science as a discipline in the 1950s, are evidence of this focus. Although knowledge and its communication are basic phenomena of every human society, it is the rise of information technology and its global impacts that characterize ours as an information society. It is commonplace to consider information as a basic condition for economic development together with capital, labor, and raw material; but what makes information especially significant at present is its digital nature. The impact of information technology an the natural and social sciences in particular has made this everyday notion a highly controversial concept. Claude Shannon's (1948) "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is a landmark work, referring to the common use of information with its semantic and pragmatic dimensions, while at the same time redefining the concept within an engineering framework. The fact that the concept of knowledge communication has been designated by the word information seems, prima facie, a linguistic happenstance. For a science like information science (IS), it is of course important how fundamental terms are defined; and in IS, as in other fields, the question of how to define information is often raised. This chapter is an attempt to review the status of the concept of information in IS, with reference also to interdisciplinary trends. In scientific discourse, theoretical concepts are not true or false elements or glimpses of some element of reality; rather, they are constructions designed to do a job in the best possible way. Different conceptions of fundamental terms like information are thus more or less fruitful, depending an the theories (and in the end, the practical actions) they are expected to support. In the opening section, we discuss the problem of defining terms from the perspective of the philosophy of science. The history of a word provides us with anecdotes that are tangential to the concept itself. But in our case, the use of the word information points to a specific perspective from which the concept of knowledge communication has been defined. This perspective includes such characteristics as novelty and relevante; i.e., it refers to the process of knowledge transformation, and particularly to selection and interpretation within a specific context. The discussion leads to the questions of why and when this meaning was designated with the word information. We will explore this history, and we believe that our results may help readers better understand the complexity of the concept with regard to its scientific definitions.
    Discussions about the concept of information in other disciplines are very important for IS because many theories and approaches in IS have their origins elsewhere (see the section "Information as an Interdisciplinary Concept" in this chapter). The epistemological concept of information brings into play nonhuman information processes, particularly in physics and biology. And vice versa: the psychic and sociological processes of selection and interpretation may be considered using objective parameters, leaving aside the semantic dimension, or more precisely, by considering objective or situational parameters of interpretation. This concept can be illustrated also in physical terms with regard to release mechanisms, as we suggest. Our overview of the concept of information in the natural sciences as well as in the humanities and social sciences cannot hope to be comprehensive. In most cases, we can refer only to fragments of theories. However, the reader may wish to follow the leads provided in the bibliography. Readers interested primarily in information science may derive most benefit from the section an "Information in Information Science," in which we offer a detailed explanation of diverse views and theories of information within our field; supplementing the recent ARIST chapter by Cornelius (2002). We show that the introduction of the concept of information circa 1950 to the domain of special librarianship and documentation has in itself had serious consequences for the types of knowledge and theories developed in our field. The important question is not only what meaning we give the term in IS, but also how it relates to other basic terms, such as documents, texts, and knowledge. Starting with an objectivist view from the world of information theory and cybernetics, information science has turned to the phenomena of relevance and interpretation as basic aspects of the concept of information. This change is in no way a turn to a subjectivist theory, but an appraisal of different perspectives that may determine in a particular context what is being considered as informative, be it a "thing" (Buckland, 1991b) or a document. Different concepts of information within information science reflect tensions between a subjective and an objective approach. The concept of interpretation or selection may be considered to be the bridge between these two poles. It is important, however, to consider the different professions involved with the interpretation and selection of knowledge. The most important thing in IS (as in information policy) is to consider information as a constitutive forte in society and, thus, recognize the teleological nature of information systems and services (Braman, 1989).
  14. Leydesdorff, L.; Ivanova, I.A.: Mutual redundancies in interhuman communication systems : steps toward a calculus of processing meaning (2014) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The study of interhuman communication requires a more complex framework than Claude E. Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication because "information" is defined in the latter case as meaningless uncertainty. Assuming that meaning cannot be communicated, we extend Shannon's theory by defining mutual redundancy as a positional counterpart of the relational communication of information. Mutual redundancy indicates the surplus of meanings that can be provided to the exchanges in reflexive communications. The information is redundant because it is based on "pure sets" (i.e., without subtraction of mutual information in the overlaps). We show that in the three-dimensional case (e.g., of a triple helix of university-industry-government relations), mutual redundancy is equal to mutual information (Rxyz = Txyz); but when the dimensionality is even, the sign is different. We generalize to the measurement in N dimensions and proceed to the interpretation. Using Niklas Luhmann's (1984-1995) social systems theory and/or Anthony Giddens's (1979, 1984) structuration theory, mutual redundancy can be provided with an interpretation in the sociological case: Different meaning-processing structures code and decode with other algorithms. A surplus of ("absent") options can then be generated that add to the redundancy. Luhmann's "functional (sub)systems" of expectations or Giddens's "rule-resource sets" are positioned mutually, but coupled operationally in events or "instantiated" in actions. Shannon-type information is generated by the mediation, but the "structures" are (re-)positioned toward one another as sets of (potentially counterfactual) expectations. The structural differences among the coding and decoding algorithms provide a source of additional options in reflexive and anticipatory communications.
  15. Bosancic, B.: Information in the knowledge acquisition process (2016) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an appropriate symbolic representation, as well as its metaphorical interpretation, to illustrate the special role of information in the knowledge acquisition process. Design/methodology/approach Besides the literature review, this is a speculative study based on a symbolic and metaphorical point of view. Findings The proposed symbolic representation was derived from the conceptual designation of information "as a flow" and, accordingly, by the corresponding redrawing of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) pyramid. The knowledge acquisition process is symbolically represented by the growth of a "tree of knowledge" which is planted on a "data earth," filled with "information sap" and lit by the rays of the "sun of the mind," a new symbol of the concept of wisdom in the DIKW model. As indicated, a key concept of this metaphorical interpretation is the role of "information sap" which rises from the roots of the "tree of knowledge" to the top of the tree and it is recognized as an invisible link between "world of data" and "world of knowledge." This concept is also proposed as a new symbolic representation of the DIKW model. Originality/value On the basis of specific symbolic-metaphorical representation, this paper provides a relatively new concept of information which may help bridge observed gaps in the understanding of information in various scientific fields, as well as in its understanding as an objective or subjective phenomenon.
  16. McCrank, L.J.: Historical information science and communications : a report and review essay (1994) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Historicial studies using computers and social science research methodologies share many interests, techniques, methods and approaches with modern information science. The major difference is a focus on retrospective rather than contemporary research topics and attendant differences in methods resulting from the nature of historical sources and the impact of time on interpretation. Whereas historical informatics evolved as a focus on computer science and history from quantification research, this field is still growing and absorbing in an interdisciplinary manner material, methods and approaches from other fields in accord with the syncretic nature of history. This enlarged arena may be called Historical Information Science, which is exemplified by the recent conferences and activities of the International Association of History and Computing
  17. Hollnagel, E.: ¬The relation between intention, meaning and action (1979) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    A defintion of the meaning of a text should not be based on the concept of truth, but on the concepts of intention and action. Uses the cybernetic paradigm of communication in which the purpose of communication is taken to be the control of a system's behaviour with the intention of regulating action in the system. The meaning of the action is thus that interpretation most consistent with the receiving system's model of the sending system. Discusses the applicability of the model to a man-machine system, and examines implications of the analysis
  18. Rojas, M.A.R.: ¬La informaçion como ente ideal objetivizado (1995) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The term information lacks precicion and there is no consensus about its definition because of the differing philosophical theories used as a basis for interpretation e.g. materialism, idealism. Draws on the ideas of Locke, Kant and Piaget to analyse the essential nature of information, concluding that for the purposes of library science, information is best understood as an ideal entity constructed by the individual synthesising his sensory perceptions of the actual world, which is then objectivised resulting in the world of information, part of the wider world but with its own structures, laws and interrelations. This make communication possible
  19. Blanke, H.T.: Librarianship and public culture in the age of information capitalism (1996) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The escalating economic importance of information and the increasing integration of cultural spheres into the economic system are identified as key factors in the conception of information as a commodity, rather than a public good. This is now having a significant impact on government policy and on libraries, with prominent professional representatives advocating an entrepreneurial model of librarianship which contradicts traditional ideas of free and equal access to information. Such a model threatens the future of the library as a vital sphere of democratic culture. Discusses the broader trends exemplifying the current trajectory of advanced capitalism so as to proved a context for the critical interpretation of issues within librarianship
  20. Court, J.; Lovis, G.; Fassbind-Eigenheer, R.: De la tradition orale aux reseaux de communication : la tradition orale (1998) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Summarises of a selection of the presentations and workshops under one of the main themes at the Association of Swiss Libraries and Librarians congress held in Yverdon, Sept 1998. Sessions covered comprise: workshop on stories in libraries (history of the tradition in French libraries and criteria for selecting material); oral and written traditions (presentation on continuing existence of various schools of interpretation e.g. mythological, anthropological, in relation to the importance of individual contact); and listening - reading - writing (presentation on links between these 3 forms of communication in the context of the challenge for libraries in the field of children's education)

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