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  • × theme_ss:"Information"
  • × type_ss:"el"
  1. Grant, S.: Developing cognitive architecture for modelling and simulation of cognition and error in complex tasks (1995) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    A cognitive architecture embodies the more general structures and mechnaisms out of which could be made a model of individual cognition in certain situation. The space of models and architectures has a number of dimensions, including: dependence on domain; level of specification; and extent of coverage of different phenomena
    Theme
    Information
  2. Jörs, B.: Über den Grundbegriff der "Information" ist weiter zu reden und über die Existenzberechtigung der Disziplin auch : das Verlangen nach einer verständlichen Wissenschaftssprache (2020) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Informationskompetenz in den Bibliotheken und in der Informationswissenschaft. Es ist erschreckend, dass im Zeitalter der vieldiskutierten "Desinformationen" und "Fake News" im Medienbereich der einzige Beitrag der Informationswissenschaft in der Betonung einer irgendwie ausgestalteten "Informationskompetenz", manchmal ergänzt um eine ebenso imaginäre "Medienkompetenz" besteht. Man möchte sich gern zum verbindlichen Entscheider darüber erklären, was wahre und falsche Information, was Hate Speech und Fakten sind. Der Türöffner dafür soll das bibliothekarisch besetzte Feld der "Informationskompetenz" sein, dass man nunmehr für den Gesamtbereich der "Information" besetzen möchte. Die ursprüngliche Beschränkung der bibliothekarischen Domäne der Informationskompetenz auf eine berufsrelevante Vermittlung von InformationsSUCHkompetenz wird dafür geopfert. Der Ursprung des Begriffes "Informationskompetenz" liegt im Bibliotheksbereich und sollte dort beheimatet bleiben.
    Content
    Fortsetzung von: Über den Grundbegriff der "Information" ist weiter zu reden und über die Existenzberechtigung der Disziplin auch: Wie man mit "Information" umgehen sollte: Das Beispiel der Medienforschung. Unter: Open Password. 2020, Nr.777 vom 29. Juni 2020 [https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=Wzk0LCIxODU1NzhmZDQ2ZDAiLDAsMCw4NSwxXQ].
    Theme
    Information
    Type
    a
  3. Jörs, B.: Über den Grundbegriff der "Information" ist weiter zu reden und über die Existenzberechtigung der Disziplin auch : Wie man mit "Information" umgehen sollte: Das Beispiel der Medienforschung (2020) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Information als "Wissen in Aktion" zu definieren, scheint der Informationswissenschaft zu reichen. Und das in einer Welt, wie das Fachportal woxiwon (https://synonyme.woxikon.de/synonyme/information.php) ausweist, bei über 460 Synonyma für den Begriff "Information", die in fast dreißig Gruppen geclustert sind. Cluster 1: "Aufmerksamkeit" mit den Dimensionen der Nutzererwartungen "Aktualität", "Werbung", "Schlagzeilen" sowie "Provokation durch Fake & Klatsch". Cluster 2: "Verbundenheit" Cluster 3: "Gemeinsamkeit" Cluster 4: "Intellektuelle Leistung"
    Content
    Fortsetzung von: Über den Grundbegriff der "Information" ist weiter zu reden und über die Existenzberechtigung der Disziplin auch: die Kapitulation der Informationswissenschaft vor dem eigenen Basisbegriff. Unter: Open Password. 2020, Nr.759 vom 25. Mai 2020 [https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=Wzk0LCIxODU1NzhmZDQ2ZDAiLDAsMCw4NSwxXQ]. Weitere Fortsetzung als: Informationskompetenz in den Bibliotheken und in der Informationswissenschaft - Das Verlangen nach einer verständlichen Wissenschaftssprache. In: Open Password. 2020, Nr.784 vom 09. Juli 2020. Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzExNiwiM2Y4YjgwNDBiM2QxIiwwLDAsMTA2LDFd.
    Theme
    Information
    Type
    a
  4. Allo, P.; Baumgaertner, B.; D'Alfonso, S.; Fresco, N.; Gobbo, F.; Grubaugh, C.; Iliadis, A.; Illari, P.; Kerr, E.; Primiero, G.; Russo, F.; Schulz, C.; Taddeo, M.; Turilli, M.; Vakarelov, O.; Zenil, H.: ¬The philosophy of information : an introduction (2013) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    In April 2010, Bill Gates gave a talk at MIT in which he asked: 'are the brightest minds working on the most important problems?' Gates meant improving the lives of the poorest; improving education, health, and nutrition. We could easily add improving peaceful interactions, human rights, environmental conditions, living standards and so on. Philosophy of Information (PI) proponents think that Gates has a point - but this doesn't mean we should all give up philosophy. Philosophy can be part of this project, because philosophy understood as conceptual design forges and refines the new ideas, theories, and perspectives that we need to understand and address these important problems that press us so urgently. Of course, this naturally invites us to wonder which ideas, theories, and perspectives philosophers should be designing now. In our global information society, many crucial challenges are linked to information and communication technologies: the constant search for novel solutions and improvements demands, in turn, changing conceptual resources to understand and cope with them. Rapid technological development now pervades communication, education, work, entertainment, industrial production and business, healthcare, social relations and armed conflicts. There is a rich mine of philosophical work to do on the new concepts created right here, right now.
    Philosophy "done informationally" has been around a long time, but PI as a discipline is quite new. PI takes age-old philosophical debates and engages them with up-to-the minute conceptual issues generated by our ever-changing, information-laden world. This alters the philosophical debates, and makes them interesting to many more people - including many philosophically-minded people who aren't subscribing philosophers. We, the authors, are young researchers who think of our work as part of PI, taking this engaged approach. We're excited by it and want to teach it. Students are excited by it and want to study it. Writing a traditional textbook takes a while, and PI is moving quickly. A traditional textbook doesn't seem like the right approach for the philosophy of the information age. So we got together to take a new approach, team-writing this electronic text to make it available more rapidly and openly.
    Content
    Vgl. auch unter: http://www.socphilinfo.org/teaching/book-pi-intro: "This book serves as the main reference for an undergraduate course on Philosophy of Information. The book is written to be accessible to the typical undergraduate student of Philosophy and does not require propaedeutic courses in Logic, Epistemology or Ethics. Each chapter includes a rich collection of references for the student interested in furthering her understanding of the topics reviewed in the book. The book covers all the main topics of the Philosophy of Information and it should be considered an overview and not a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of a philosophical area. As a consequence, 'The Philosophy of Information: a Simple Introduction' does not contain research material as it is not aimed at graduate students or researchers. The book is available for free in multiple formats and it is updated every twelve months by the team of the p Research Network: Patrick Allo, Bert Baumgaertner, Anthony Beavers, Simon D'Alfonso, Penny Driscoll, Luciano Floridi, Nir Fresco, Carson Grubaugh, Phyllis Illari, Eric Kerr, Giuseppe Primiero, Federica Russo, Christoph Schulz, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Matteo Turilli, Orlin Vakarelov. (*) The version for 2013 is now available as a pdf. The content of this version will soon be integrated in the redesign of the teaching-section. The beta-version from last year will provisionally remain accessible through the Table of Content on this page."
    Theme
    Information
  5. Rieck, M.: Einige Gedanken zur deutschen Informationswissenschaft (2013) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Die deutsche Informationswissenschaft existiert nur dem Namen nach. Eine eher sporadisch stattfindende fachliche Diskussion dreht sich ausschließlich um praktische Probleme, die Theorie wird weitgehend ignoriert. Kaum jemand ist bereit, über den Tellerrand zu blicken. Es wird versucht, die Informationswissenschaft zur Geisteswissenschaft zu erklären. Die Naturwissenschaften werden ausgeschlossen. Bibliotheks-, Dokumentations- und Archivwissenschaft sollen in der Informationswissenschaft aufgehen. Diese Vorgänge leiteten u. a. das Ende der wissenschaftlichen Dokumentation ein. In diesem Artikel wird dargestellt, wie die Informationswissenschaft aufgebaut werden kann und welche Themen sie behandeln sollte. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass es sich um die "Wissenschaft von der Information" handelt. So muss es Grundlage sein, zu klären, worum es sich bei dem Phänomen "Information" handelt. Es werden verschiedene Ansätze betrachtet und ausgewertet, beginnend mit Shannons Kommunikationstheorie bis hin zur Physik. Der Weg zu einer möglichen Definition wird ebenso behandelt, wie die Eigenschaften der Information und ihre Abgrenzung zu Daten und Wissen.
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  6. Mayes, T.: Hypermedia and cognitive tools (1995) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Hypermedia and multimedia have been placed rather uncritically at the centre of current developments in learning technology. This paper seeks to ask some fundamental questions about how learning is best supported by hypermedia, and concludes that the most successful aspects are not those normally emphasized. A striking observation is that the best learning experience is enjoyed by hypermedia courseware authors rather that students. This is understandable from a constructivist view of learning, in which the key aim is to engage the learner in carrying out a task which leads to better comprehension. Deep learning is a by-product of comprehension. The paper discusses some approaches to designing software - cognitive tools for learning - which illustrate the constructivist approach
    Theme
    Information
  7. Crane, G.; Jones, A.: Text, information, knowledge and the evolving record of humanity (2006) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Consider a sentence such as "the current price of tea in China is 35 cents per pound." In a library with millions of books we might find many statements of the above form that we could capture today with relatively simple rules: rather than pursuing every variation of a statement, programs can wait, like predators at a water hole, for their informational prey to reappear in a standard linguistic pattern. We can make inferences from sentences such as "NAME1 born at NAME2 in DATE" that NAME more likely than not represents a person and NAME a place and then convert the statement into a proposition about a person born at a given place and time. The changing price of tea in China, pedestrian birth and death dates, or other basic statements may not be truth and beauty in the Phaedrus, but a digital library that could plot the prices of various commodities in different markets over time, plot the various lifetimes of individuals, or extract and classify many events would be very useful. Services such as the Syllabus Finder1 and H-Bot2 (which Dan Cohen describes elsewhere in this issue of D-Lib) represent examples of information extraction already in use. H-Bot, in particular, builds on our evolving ability to extract information from very large corpora such as the billions of web pages available through the Google API. Aside from identifying higher order statements, however, users also want to search and browse named entities: they want to read about "C. P. E. Bach" rather than his father "Johann Sebastian" or about "Cambridge, Maryland", without hearing about "Cambridge, Massachusetts", Cambridge in the UK or any of the other Cambridges scattered around the world. Named entity identification is a well-established area with an ongoing literature. The Natural Language Processing Research Group at the University of Sheffield has developed its open source Generalized Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) for years, while IBM's Unstructured Information Analysis and Search (UIMA) is "available as open source software to provide a common foundation for industry and academia." Powerful tools are thus freely available and more demanding users can draw upon published literature to develop their own systems. Major search engines such as Google and Yahoo also integrate increasingly sophisticated tools to categorize and identify places. The software resources are rich and expanding. The reference works on which these systems depend, however, are ill-suited for historical analysis. First, simple gazetteers and similar authority lists quickly grow too big for useful information extraction. They provide us with potential entities against which to match textual references, but existing electronic reference works assume that human readers can use their knowledge of geography and of the immediate context to pick the right Boston from the Bostons in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), but, with the crucial exception of geographic location, the TGN records do not provide any machine readable clues: we cannot tell which Bostons are large or small. If we are analyzing a document published in 1818, we cannot filter out those places that did not yet exist or that had different names: "Jefferson Davis" is not the name of a parish in Louisiana (tgn,2000880) or a county in Mississippi (tgn,2001118) until after the Civil War.
    Although the Alexandria Digital Library provides far richer data than the TGN (5.9 vs. 1.3 million names), its added size lowers, rather than increases, the accuracy of most geographic name identification systems for historical documents: most of the extra 4.6 million names cover low frequency entities that rarely occur in any particular corpus. The TGN is sufficiently comprehensive to provide quite enough noise: we find place names that are used over and over (there are almost one hundred Washingtons) and semantically ambiguous (e.g., is Washington a person or a place?). Comprehensive knowledge sources emphasize recall but lower precision. We need data with which to determine which "Tribune" or "John Brown" a particular passage denotes. Secondly and paradoxically, our reference works may not be comprehensive enough. Human actors come and go over time. Organizations appear and vanish. Even places can change their names or vanish. The TGN does associate the obsolete name Siam with the nation of Thailand (tgn,1000142) - but also with towns named Siam in Iowa (tgn,2035651), Tennessee (tgn,2101519), and Ohio (tgn,2662003). Prussia appears but as a general region (tgn,7016786), with no indication when or if it was a sovereign nation. And if places do point to the same object over time, that object may have very different significance over time: in the foundational works of Western historiography, Herodotus reminds us that the great cities of the past may be small today, and the small cities of today great tomorrow (Hdt. 1.5), while Thucydides stresses that we cannot estimate the past significance of a place by its appearance today (Thuc. 1.10). In other words, we need to know the population figures for the various Washingtons in 1870 if we are analyzing documents from 1870. The foundations have been laid for reference works that provide machine actionable information about entities at particular times in history. The Alexandria Digital Library Gazetteer Content Standard8 represents a sophisticated framework with which to create such resources: places can be associated with temporal information about their foundation (e.g., Washington, DC, founded on 16 July 1790), changes in names for the same location (e.g., Saint Petersburg to Leningrad and back again), population figures at various times and similar historically contingent data. But if we have the software and the data structures, we do not yet have substantial amounts of historical content such as plentiful digital gazetteers, encyclopedias, lexica, grammars and other reference works to illustrate many periods and, even if we do, those resources may not be in a useful form: raw OCR output of a complex lexicon or gazetteer may have so many errors and have captured so little of the underlying structure that the digital resource is useless as a knowledge base. Put another way, human beings are still much better at reading and interpreting the contents of page images than machines. While people, places, and dates are probably the most important core entities, we will find a growing set of objects that we need to identify and track across collections, and each of these categories of objects will require its own knowledge sources. The following section enumerates and briefly describes some existing categories of documents that we need to mine for knowledge. This brief survey focuses on the format of print sources (e.g., highly structured textual "database" vs. unstructured text) to illustrate some of the challenges involved in converting our published knowledge into semantically annotated, machine actionable form.
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  8. Jeffrey, K.: Erinnerung ist manipulierbar (2018) 0.01 
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  9. Macedonia, M.: Mit Händen und Füßen (2012) 0.01 
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  10. Gödert, W.; Lepsky, K.: Rezeption externalisierten Wissens : ein konstruktivistisches Modell auf der Basis von Poppers Drei Welten und Searles Kollektiver Intentionalität (2018) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Wir stellen ein Modell für die Wissensrezeption aus externalisierten Informationsquellen vor. Das Modell beruht auf einem kognitiven Verständnis von Informationsverarbeitung und greift auf Vorstellungen eines Austausches von Information in Kommunikationsvorgängen zurück. Poppers Drei-Welten-Theorie mit ihrer Orientierung an falsifizierbarem wissenschaftlichen Wissen wird erweitert um Searles Konzept der Kollektiven Intentionalität. Dies erlaubt eine konsistente Beschreibung der Externalisierung und Rezeption von Wissen unter Einschluss von Alltagswissen.
    Content
    Auch unter: DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21248.07688. Auch in: International Forum on Information. 44(2019) H.4, S.25-35 (http://lamb.viniti.ru/sid2/sid2free?sid2=J18357463. Zunächst auch: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41860839 bzw. http://www.viniti.ru/products/publications/pub-134048#issues [http://catalog.viniti.ru/srch_result.aspx?IRL=FETCH+QUERY%3d2603664+OBJ%3d01bsmm7z+STYLE%3dFull1&TYP=FULL1]).
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  11. Lehmann, K.: Unser Gehirn kartiert auch Beziehungen räumlich (2015) 0.01 
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    Footnote
    Vgl. Original unter: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315005243: "Morais Tavares, R., A. Mendelsohn, Y.Grossman, C.H. Williams, M. Shapiro, Y. Trope u. D. Schiller: A Map for Social Navigation in the Human Brain" in. Neuron 87(2015) no.1, S,231-243. [Deciphering the neural mechanisms of social behavior has propelled the growth of social neuroscience. The exact computations of the social brain, however, remain elusive. Here we investigated how the human br ain tracks ongoing changes in social relationships using functional neuroimaging. Participants were lead characters in a role-playing game in which they were to find a new home and a job through interactions with virtual cartoon characters. We found that a two-dimensional geometric model of social relationships, a "social space" framed by power and affiliation, predicted hippocampal activity. Moreover, participants who reported better social skills showed stronger covariance between hippocampal activity and "movement" through "social space." The results suggest that the hippocampus is crucial for social cognition, and imply that beyond framing physical locations, the hippocampus computes a more general, inclusive, abstract, and multidimensional cognitive map consistent with its role in episodic memory.].
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  12. Speer, A.: Wovon lebt der Geist? (2016) 0.01 
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  13. Enmark, R.: ¬The non-existent point : on the subject of defining library and information science and the concept of information (1998) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The primary purpose of this essay if the following: to criticise a discipline-defining concept of information that has its poit of departure in the uncomplicated cognitive metaphor's 'subject/object relationship'. In my understanding, the cognitive channel metaphor is equal to the sender/receiver model, with the addition of the receiver's understanding, as both physical and mental aspects are used in one and the same metaphor: the 'subject' so to speak meets the 'object'. In this essay I will state: (1) that the point at which the 'subject' specifically meets the 'object' does not exist; (2) that the study of that which the non-existing point symbolises is impossible to describe on an general level without becoming trivial; (3) that it is not possible to find an obvious relationship between the sender's statement and the receiver's understanding; and (4) that the study of the 'subject' and the study of the 'object' exist in different methodological and theoretical dimensions: This leads to the conclusion that the cognitive channel metaphorical definition of the discipline of library and information science must preferably be abandoned and that this should take place such: (1) that consideration is taken to the empirical research that is carried out in library and information science and (2) that the research removes itself from the profession's legitimate ambitions for usefulness
    Theme
    Information
  14. Hobohm, H.-C.: PI (Philosophy of Information), SE (Social Epistemology) oder Natur, Leben und Evolution : Andere Disziplinen als Orientierungshilfen für die Informationswissenschaft. Was die benachbarten Wissenschaften für die Informationswissenschaft tun können (2019) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Es handelt sich hier um einen aus Krankheitsgründen nicht gehaltenen und erweiterten Beitrag zu einer Podiumsdiskussion auf der diesjährigen iConference in Sheffield (März 2018), die unter dem Titel "Curating the Infosphere" den Ansatz von Luciano Floridi zu einer umfassenden philosophisch-logischen Informationswissenschaft kritisch diskutierte. Während Floridi an seinem sehr weitreichenden Konzept der PI (Philosophy of Information) auf der Basis seiner GDI (General Definition of Information) arbeitet, ist außerhalb unseres Feldes die Social Epistemology der BibliothekswissenschaftlerInnen Margeret Egan und Jesse Shera wieder in den Blick der Erkenntnistheorie geraten. Ferner ist zu beobachten, dass sich andere Wissenschaften in großem Maße des Phänomens Information bemächtigen und es in ihr Wissenschaftsgebäude einbauen. Der vorliegende Text ist ein Plädoyer, genauer hinzuschauen, worum es der Informationswissenschaft ursprünglich ging und dafür, dass sie bei dem großen transdisziplinären Projekt mitwirken sollte, das andere Wissenschaften betreiben.
    Footnote
    Fortsetzung als Teil 2: Pedauque - Philosophie of Information - Mathematik und Kybernetik. Unter: Open Password. 2019, Nr.559 vom 14. Mai 2019 [https://www.password-online.de/?wysija-page=1&controller=email&action=view&email_id=706&wysijap=subscriptions&user_id=1045]. Fortsetzung als Teil 3: Naturwissenschaften und Evolution: Die Rolle der Informationswissenschaft. Unter: Open Password. 2019, Nr.564 vom 23. Mai 2019 [https://www.password-online.de/?wysija-page=1&controller=email&action=view&email_id=709&wysijap=subscriptions&user_id=1045].
    Theme
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  15. Umstätter, W.: ¬Die fundamentale Bedeutung der Informations- und Wissensmessung und ihre Beziehung zum System der Planckeinheiten (2006) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Das bit als Maß für das Verhältnis von Information, informationstheoretischem Rauschen, a posteriori Redundanz, a priori Redundanz bzw. Wissen, so wie es sich zunächst in den Betrachtungen zur Entropie, aus der Thermodynamik heraus ergeben hat, ist ein weitaus fundamentaleres Maß, als es zunächst aus der Thermodynamik und dem Eta-Theorem Boltzmanns heraus zu erwarten war, weil es uns die Möglichkeit gibt, das Wissen von Lebewesen, und von Systemen mit Künstlicher Intelligenz zu messen und nicht mehr wie bisher nur vergleichend abzuschätzen. Es ist ein Maß für Ordnung bzw. Redundanz und hat nichts mit Energie zu tun. Im Sinne Galileis, das zu messen, was messbar ist, und messbar zu machen, was noch nicht messbar ist, wird die Messbarkeit von Wissen im 21. Jahrhundert, in dem die Wissenschaft der dominierende Faktor der menschlichen Gesellschaft ist, fundamentale Bedeutung erlangen. Das bit ist im Gegensatz zu den klassischen naturwissenschaftlichen Maßsystemen, wie Meter, Kilogramm, Sekunde oder Kelvin nicht mehr ein anthropozentrisches, also vom Menschen beliebig gewähltes Maß, es ist die Konsequenz grundlegender wissenschaftlicher Einsichten des letzten Jahrhunderts über die Bedeutung der Entropie.
    Theme
    Information
  16. Schmid, F.: »Information« ist Syntax, nicht Sinn : Quasisakrale Weltformel (2019) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Haben Sie sich einmal gefragt, was »Information« ist? Haben Sie vielleicht sogar versucht, so etwas zu finden wie eine exakte Definition? Schließlich leben wir im »Informationszeitalter«, in einer »Informationsgesellschaft« und beschäftigen uns andauernd damit, Informationen zu konsumieren, zu verarbeiten oder weiterzuverbreiten. Die öffentlich-rechtlichen Medien haben sogar einen »Informationsauftrag«. Und wer will nicht »informiert sein«?
    Content
    "Information, so scheint es, ist etwas Positives und ungemein Wichtiges, das gesellschaftliches Leben gestaltet. Aber eine griffige Definition des Wortes kennt nicht einmal die »Informationstheorie«, schreibt der Politologe Robert Feustel in seinem Essay »Am Anfang war die Information«. Für ihn ist »Information ein vom Menschenhirn erdachter Signifikant, der permanent schillert, Form und Sinn wechselt und gerade durch seine uferlose Verwendung entleert wird«. Dabei ist das Wort noch gar nicht lange derart präsent. Sein unglaublicher Aufschwung begann Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts, als die »Kybernetik« die gesellschaftspolitische und philosophiegeschichtliche Bühne betrat. Hatte im 19. Jahrhundert noch die Angst vor »Entropie« und Chaos vorgeherrscht, das mancher in den Verwerfungen der Industrialisierung manifestiert sah, kommt in den 1950ern mit der Kybernetik ein Denkstil und eine Wissensordnung auf, die für Natur und Kultur, Technik und Gesellschaft einheitliche Steuerungsprinzipien annimmt. Einer ihrer Kernbegriffe ist eben die Information - und die späteren Diskurse der »Digitalisierung« setzten auf der Kybernetik auf. Bald, so schon die Kybernetiker, werde der Mensch, den auch sie sich bereits als Ansammlung von Daten und Informationen vorstellten, durch Maschinen ersetzbar sein.
    Doch obwohl das in der Science-Fiction schon tausendmal durchgespielt wurde, gibt es noch immer keinen Computer, der Menschen imitieren kann. Die Rechnerleistungen werden zwar immer größer, aber »dennoch sind die Computer so dumm wie zuvor (.) Sie prozessieren Informationen anhand einer bestimmten und von Menschen eingegebenen Syntax. Mit der Bedeutung, der Semantik, den Ergebnissen können sie nichts anfangen«, schreibt Feustel. Das klassische Beispiel ist der Android Data in der Serie »Star Trek«, der keine Witze versteht, so sehr er sich auch müht - so setzte die Kulturindustrie vor 30 Jahren diesen Vorbehalt in Szene. Heute überwiegen hingegen Plots wie im Film »Lucy« von Luc Besson, in dem Mensch und Maschine als zwei Arten von Informationsflüssen prinzipiell kompatibel sind. Angesichts von Big-Data-Strömen und den »Deep Learning«-Prozessen der viel beschworenen Algorithmen wird allenthalben die Hoffnung - oder Befürchtung - artikuliert, es könne plötzlich eine selbstständige Intelligenz im Netz entstehen, die eben nicht mehr nur syntaktisch verarbeitet, sondern »semantisches« Bewusstsein entwickelt. Die Information könne quasi lebendig werden und als Geist aus der Flasche steigen.
    Nicht nur der Google-Chefentwickler Ray Kurzweil hausiert schon seit Jahr und Tag mit dieser technizistischen Neuauflage jenes klassischen religiösen Ur-Moments, den Michelangelo auf dem berühmten Fresko in der Sixtinischen Kapelle festgehalten hat, auf dem Gott im Begriff ist, den erst körperlich erschaffenen Menschen durch eine Berührung der Fingerspitzen zu »beseelen«. Im Silicon Valley befassen sich ganze Think Tanks damit. Wie aber soll sich der Sprung vom Beschleunigen serieller Rechnungen mit Nullen und Einsen zum bewussten Denken, gar Fühlen und Begehren vollziehen? Darauf gibt es keine Antwort innerhalb der Ingenieurwissenschaft. Die Vorstellung, das Hirn sei nicht kategorisch von einer Anhäufung von Bits und Bytes zu unterscheiden - also von Informationen, die irgendwo hochgeladen oder maschinell generiert werden können -, erhebt die »Information« zu einer quasi sakralen Weltformel. Dieselbe hat aber natürlich sehr reale und rapide wachsende Auswirkungen auf unser soziales und politisches Leben. Das muntere Prozessieren von Informationen, die vor allem durch ihre Unmittelbarkeit enorme Wirkung entfalten, öffnet dem Gerücht, der Spekulation und den viel beschworenen Fake News Tür und Tor, wie Donald Trump mit seinen Tweets stets aufs Neue beweist. In digitalen Netzwerken vervielfachen sich Informationen, ihre semantische Stimmigkeit ist sekundär. »Alles, was prozessiert werden kann, hat Relevanz, von Aktienkursen über Theorien zur flachen Erde oder zu Reptiloiden. Es muss nicht stimmen, nur effektvoll zirkulieren«, schreibt Feustel - der auch als Mitautor des »Wörterbuchs des besorgten Bürgers« bekannt ist, in dem er und einige Wissenschaftskollegen sich kritisch mit den Begriffen der Neuen Rechten auseinandersetzen.
    Ist »Information« also am Ende gar nicht so bedeutsam oder wichtig, wie es scheint und man uns auch glauben machen will? Ist dieser Heilige Gral der Jetztzeit nicht viel mehr als eine leere Hülle, die als sinnstiftendes und das Chaos ausräumende Moment in unserem sozialen und politischen Leben völlig überbewertet wird? Diese Frage kann und sollte man sich stellen. Hinter der Information aber nun eine große Gefahr oder einen heimlichen Herrschaftsapparat zu vermuten, wäre gleichfalls Unsinn. Feustels Essay ist weit von Technikfeindlichkeit entfernt. Es geht darum, das inflationäre Reden über die Information, die in unserer Gesellschaft längst Fetischcharakter erlangt hat, ideologiekritisch anzuleuchten und sich - so Feustel - nicht von der »philosophischen Großspurigkeit der Kybernetik« an der Nase herumführen zu lassen. Für das Alltagsleben dürfte das eine gute Richtschnur sein. Es muss uns nicht nur darum gehen, am Informationsfluss beteiligt zu sein, sondern sich mit dessen Inhalt auseinanderzusetzen."
    Footnote
    Besprechung zu: Robert Feustel: Am Anfang war die Information - Digitalisierung als Religion. Verbrecherverlag Berlin 2019.
    Source
    http://epaper.neues-deutschland.de/eweb/nd/2019/06/08/a/21/1430691/ [nd E-Paper - 08.06.2019]
    Theme
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  17. Darnton, R.: Im Besitz des Wissens : Von der Gelehrtenrepublik des 18. Jahrhunderts zum digitalen Google-Monopol (2009) 0.00 
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  19. Griesbaum, J.: Bürger, Suchverfahren und Analyse-Algorithmen in der politischen Meinungsbildung : Einen breiten gesellschaftlichen Diskurs sicherstellen (2019) 0.00 
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  20. Hapke, T.: Zu einer ganzheitlichen Informationskompetenz gehört eine kritische Wissenschaftskompetenz : Informationskompetenz und Demokratie (2020) 0.00 
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