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Abstract

This volume has the virtue of airing a number of refreshing voices that are not often heard on this side of the Atlantic, and that bring perspectives that should energize our conversations about information in living systems." --Evelyn Fox Keller, MIT "Terzis and Arp have brought together an international array of experimental and theoretical scientists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists to explore the most consequential notion in modern biology--information. The notion is indispensable to molecular biology, and yet we have no idea how seriously we need to take it in that domain. The role of information is equally central to the origin and maintenance of life in a Second Law-driven world that destroys order. And the naturalization of information is the only bridge that can be crossed from cognitive psychology to neuroscience. All of these issues are faced squarely and accessibly in this important volume." --Alex Rosenberg, Duke University "Since the 1960s at least, it has become clear that we cannot content ourselves with describing living systems, and their life cycles, only in terms of matter and energy. An additional dimension--information--is the necessary complement. However, following an initial enthusiasm for an information-based approach to biology, conceptual developments and practical applications have been slow, to such an extent that doubts have eventually arisen, among biologists and philosophers alike, as to the real relevance, if not the legitimacy, of this approach. How profoundly ill-advised were those concerns is dramatically demonstrated by this excellent collection. Information and Living Systems provides a convincing and healthily fresh overview of this subject area in many of its ramifications, throughout the whole of biology." --Alessandro Minelli, University of Padova "Since the time of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and its expression, scientists and philosophers have become increasingly aware that information is integral to the understanding of the organization of life--indeed, to the understanding of life. Information and Living Systems covers the gamut of issues--from the properties of the organism itself to epigenetic and evolutionary considerations to cognition, language, and personality. It transcends in scope and depth any available publications on bioinformation known to me. It is an important scholarly contribution that will interest professional biologists, philosophers, and information theorists, and will be very useful in courses for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

Content

The need for a universal definition of life in twenty-first-century biology -- Energy coupling -- Bioinformation as a triadic relation -- The biosemiotic approach in biology : theoretical bases and applied models -- Problem solving in the life cycles of multicellular organisms : immunology and cancer -- The informational nature of biological causality -- The self-construction of a living organism -- Plasticity and complexity in biology : topological organization, regulatory protein networks, and mechanisms of genetic expression -- Decision making in the economy of nature : value as information -- Information theory and perception : the role of constraints, and what do we maximize information about? -- Attention, information, and epistemic perception -- Biolinguistics and information -- The biology of personality

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Abstract

Based on the first 8 of a series of information policy briefings, organised by the Information Policy Research Section of the British Library Research and Development Department, covering discussions of the value and impact of information

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Abstract

Nine contributions honoring Manfred KOCHEN (1928-1989) who had already accepted to edit such an issue on the proposal of the journal editor, F.W. Lancaster before his death. The contribution by Lancaster contains a biographial tribute to M. Kochen

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: PÄTZOLD, D.: Realismuskonzeption der frühen Neuzeit: Entwicklungen im Verhältnis von Ontologie und Epistemologie - Descartes bis Kant; MEHRTENS, A.: Realismus und Antirealismus: zur Einführung; DIEDERICH, W.: Probleme und Grenzen des Anti-Realismus; SANDKÜHLER, H.J.: Epistemologischer Realismus und die Wirklichkeit des Wissens: eine Verteidigung der Philosophie des Geistes gegen Naturalismus und Reduktionismus; STADLER, M. u. P. KRUSE: Der radikale Konstruktivismus - ein Antirealismus?

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Content

Themenschwerpunkt mit den Beiträgen: FREY, S., G. KEMPTER u. H.-G. FRENZ: Theoretische Grundlagen der multimedialen Kommunikation; LANGE, B.-P. u. A. HILLEBRAND: Medienkompetenz - die neue Herausforserung der Informationsgesellschaft; Zwischen Big Brother und dem Marktplatz von Athen (Interview mit S. MOSDORF)

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Thomas Mandl, Christa Womser-Hacker: Ein adaptives Information-Retrieval-Modell für Digitale Bibliotheken - Ilse Harms, Werner Schweibenz: Usability Engineering Methods for the Web Results From a Usability Study - Christian Wolff: Effektivität von Recherchen im WWW Vergleichende Evaluierung von Such- und Metasuchmaschinen - Rainer Hammwöhner: TransRouter revisited - Decision support in the routing of translation projects - Gerhard Rahmstorf: Wortmodell und Begriffssprache als Basis des semantischen Retrievals - Christian Schögl: Informationskompetenz am Beispiel einer szientometrischen Untersuchung zum Informationsmanagement - Otto Krickl, Elisabeth Milchrahm: Integrativer Ansatz zur Wissensbewertung - Gabriela Mußler, Harald Reiterer, Thomas M. Mann: INSYDER - Information Retrieval Aspects of a Business Intelligence System - C. Goller, J. Löning, T. Will, W. Wolff: Automatic Document Classification A thorough Evaluation of various Methods - Gerhard Heyer, Uwe Quasthoff, Christian Wolff: Aiding Web Searches by Statistical Classification Tools - Matthias N.0. Müller: Die virtuelle Fachbibliothek Sozialwissenschaften - Benno Homann: Das Dynamische Modell der Informationskompetenz (DYMIK) als Grundlage für bibliothekarische Schulungen - Gerhard Reichmann: Leistungsvergleiche zwischen wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken - Willi Bredemeier, Woffigang G. Stock: Informationskompetenz europäischer Volkswirtschaften - Hermann Rösch: Internetportal, Unternehmensportal, Wissenschaftsportal Typologie und Funktionalität der wichtigsten Portalkonzeptionen - Harc Rittberger, Woffigang Semar: Regionale Elektronische Zeitungen: Qualitätskriterien und Evaluierung - Stephan Werner: Der Autor im digitalen Medium - ein notwendiges Konstrukt? - Dr. Jaroslav Susol: Access to information in electronic age - situation in Slovakia

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Content

Introduction: Philosophy's Relevance in Computing and Information Science - Ruth Hagengruber and Uwe V.Riss Part I: Philosophy of Computing and Information 1 The Fourth Revolution in our Self-Understanding - Luciano Floridi -- 2 Information Transfer as a Metaphor - Jakob Krebs -- 3 With Aristotle towards a Differentiated Concept of Information? - Uwe Voigt -- 4 The Influence of Philosophy on the Understanding of Computing and Information - Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski -- Part II: Complexity and System Theory 5 The Emergence of Self-Conscious Systems: From Symbolic AI to Embodied Robotics - Klaus Mainzer -- 6 Artificial Intelligence as a New Metaphysical Project - Aziz F. Zambak Part III: Ontology 7 The Relevance of Philosophical Ontology to Information and Computer Science - Barry Smith -- 8 Ontology, its Origins and its Meaning in Information Science - Jens Kohne -- 9 Smart Questions: Steps towards an Ontology of Questions and Answers - Ludwig Jaskolla and Matthias Rugel Part IV: Knowledge Representation 10 Sophisticated Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Requires Philosophy - Selmer Bringsjord, Micah Clark and Joshua Taylor -- 11 On Frames and Theory-Elements of Structuralism Holger Andreas -- 12 Ontological Complexity and Human Culture David J. Saab and Frederico Fonseca Part V: Action Theory 13 Knowledge and Action between Abstraction and Concretion - Uwe V.Riss -- 14 Action-Directing Construction of Reality in Product Creation Using Social Software: Employing Philosophy to Solve Real-World Problems - Kai Holzweifiig and Jens Krüger -- 15 An Action-Theory-Based Treatment ofTemporal Individuals - Tillmann Pross -- 16 Four Rules for Classifying Social Entities - Ludger Jansen Part VI: Info-Computationalism 17 Info-Computationalism and Philosophical Aspects of Research in Information Sciences - Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic -- 18 Pancomputationalism: Theory or Metaphor ? - Vincent C. Mutter Part VII: Ethics 19 The Importance of the Sources of Professional Obligations - Francis C. Dane

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: MERTEN, K.: Wissensveränderung durch Medien: Aufriß und Kritik; KLEDZIK, S.M.: Semiotischer versus technischer Medienbegriff: das Medium als Konstituens des Zeichenprozesses; VUKOVICH, A. u. J. KREMS: Schemata der Wissensvermittlung: zur jognitiven Wirkung stilistischer Formulierungsvarianten; PERRIG, W.J.: Können Medien Verhalten steuern, ohne Wissen zu verändern? ENGELKAMP, J. u. H.D. ZIMMER: Unterschiede in der Repräsentation und Verarbeitung von Wissen in Abhängigkeit von Kanal, Reizmodalität, Inhalt und Aufgabenstellung; TERGAN, S.-O.: Theorieorientierte qualitative Wissensdiagnose in der Medienforschung; RENCKSTORF, K.: Zum Problem der Beschreibung und Erklärung von Prognosen der Wissensveränderung durch Mediennutzung; SCHÖNBACH, K. u. W. EICHHORN: Transaktionen im Medienwirkungsprozeß: kognitive Konsequenzen von Zeitungsnutzung und Zeitungsnutzen; FRÜH, W.: Strukturierung themenbezogenen Wissens bei Massenmedien und Publikum; WINTERHOFF-SPURK, P.: Wissensvermittlung durch Nachrichten? Zur Kritik der Lehrfilm-Metapher; BALLSTAEDT, S.-P.: Integrative Verarbeitung bei audiovisuellen Medien; BROSIUS, H.-B.: Vermittlung von Informationen durch Fernsehnachrichten: Einfluß von Gestaltungsmerkmalen und Nachrichteninhalt; BÖHME-DÜRR, K.: Fernsehkinder: dumm und unkreativ? ISSING, L.J.: Visualisierung von Lehrtexten durch Bild-Analogien; SEEL, N.M.: Wissen, Lernen und Kommunikation

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Enthält die Kapitel: (1) HEIT, E.: Knowledge and concept learning (2) HAHN, U. u. N. CHATER: Concepts and similarity (3) MURPHY, G.L. u. M.E. LASSALINE: Hierarchical structure in concepts and the basic level of categorization (4) HAMPTON, J.: Conceptual combination (5) SMITH, L.B. u. L.K. SAMUELSON; Perceiving and remembering: category stability, variability and development (6) SHANKS, D.R.: Distributed representations and implicit knowledge: a brief introduction (7) KNOWLTON, B.: Declarative and nondeclarative knowledge: insights from cognitive neurosciences (8) GOSCHKE, T.: Implicit learning and unconscious knowledge: mental representation, computational mechanisms, and brain structures (9) WHITTLESEA, B.W.A.: The representation of general and particular knowledge (10) LAMBERTS, K.: Process models of categorization (11) BUSEMEYER, J.R. u.a.: Learning functional relations based on experience with input-output pairs by humans and artificial neural networks (12) STORMS, G. u. P. DeBOECK: Formal models for intra-categorial structure that can be used for data analysis

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Enthält die Beiträge: Signale - Daten - Information: Wissen: Grundlagen: HUBIG, C.: Was leistet eine Grundlagendiskussion?; POSER, H.: Zwischen Information und Erkenntnis; JANICH P.: Informationsbegriffe im Spannungsfeld mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlicher und kulturwissenschaftlicher Disziplinen; RADERMACHER, F.J.: Wissensmanagement in Superorganismen; ZIMMERLI, W.C.: Vom Unterschied, der einen Unterschied macht - Information, Netzwerkdenken und Mensch-Maschine-Tandem. - Informatisierung des Wirtschaftens und politischer Partizipation: HUBIG, C. u. W. FRICKE: Zwischen Optimierung und Strukturwandel - Chancen und Risiken der Informatisierung sozialer Beziehungen in Wirtschaft und Politik; HEIDENREICH, M.: Die Organisation der Wissensgesellschaft; REICHWALD, R. u. M. HERMANN: Ddie Auflösung von Unternehmensstrukturen angesichts von Informatisierung; GLIßMANN, W.: Die neue Selbständigkeit in der Arbeit; WESTKÄMPER, E.: Wechsel der Paradigmen durch Anwendung technischer Intellugenz in der industriellen Produktion; BECKER, J.: Globalisierung und Informatisierung; KUBICEK, H. u. M. HAGEN: Gesellschaftliche Voraussetzungen für die informationstechnische Unterstützung politischer Beteiligungen - Informatisierung des Lernens und der Kommunikation: HENNING, K. u.a.: Virtuelle (Hoch-)Schule, Weiterbildung und lebenslanges Lernen im spannungsfeld zwischen Rationalisierung und lebensweltlicher Erfahrung; HUBIG, C.: Kompetenz als Lernziel - Kommunikation als Mittel im Lichte der Informatisierung; TAUSS, J.: Informatisierung des Lernens; DOLEZAL, U.: Vernetztes kooperatives Lernen- Eine bildungspolitische Herausforderung; REITH, S.: Datenbank für das persönliche Informationsmanagement; ELZ, W.: Einsatz einer interaktiven Lernplattform im Personalmanagement (PM) der Deutschen Telekom AG (DT AG); WESTERWICK, A.: Quintus - Eine multimediale Lernsoftware für die spanende Fertigung; OERTEL, R.: Kooperative Strukturen für die Wissensgesellschaft - Perspektiven des Projektes "Service-Netzwerke für Aus- und Weiterbildungsprozesse" (SENEKA); RIEDEL, M.: Entwicklung von Strukturen zum regionalen Wissensmanagement. - Nachhaltigkeit des Wissens: KORNWACHS, K.: Wissen wir, was wir wissen werden? OTT, K.: Läßt sich das Nachhaltigkeitskonzept auf Wissen anwenden?; BERNDES, S.: Zukunft des Wissens - Ethische Normen der Wissensauswahl und Weitergabe; LUHN, G.: Die riskierte Vernunft: Technisches Handeln und Wissen im Kontext einer Inversen Semantik; ULRICH, O.: Welches Wissen bruacht die Zukunft? Oder: Wie Kunst der Wissenschaft neue Perspektiven des Wissens öffnen kann; GRUPP, H.: Was wir über das Wissen wissen - Indikatoren der Wissenswirtschaft