Search (88 results, page 2 of 5)

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Abstract

Examines the complex relationship between information investment and socio-economic development with special reference to the relevance and appropriateness of the information services offered to developinf countries. Emphasises the importance of cultural relativism in the varying potential of information to influence social development. Proposes a civic networking model which contributes to the empowerment of the people by ensuring that: citizens are provided with free or subsidized access to community (and other) information resources; the local community has a high level of equity/ownership in the design and maintenance of the information system/service; and content is locally negotiated and validated

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Abstract

Examines the problems involved in accounting for in theoretical and empirical terms, the social context within which information is generated, sought for, acquired, evaluated, organized, disseminated, and used in complex formal organizations. Describes the findings of research based on an innovative theoretical approach that focuses on 1 important element of the social context of information, called the information use environment. This approach represents a conceptual advance that improves understanding of the complexities of the working world of information professionals

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Abstract

The information process is characterised by 3 phases: potential information, consolidated information and information as knowledge, at which point is becomes a means rather than an end. In the social context, knowledge functions both as a social institution and a socialising institution: since reality is constantly changing, knowledge thus becomes a perspective determined by individual experience. Distribution of knowledge is controlled by those who have access, and in a society marked by inequality such as Brazil this virtually excludes all those living on the margins. The production and distribution of knowledge is thus based on capitalist criteria, reflecting the practices of the owners of capital

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Abstract

This article is a contribution to the development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of LIS in the hope of giving a more precise evaluation of its current problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary framework for LIS, especially information retrieval (IR), in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The main problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and laguage does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for the organisation and retrieving of documents in LIS. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulates signs and how librarians work with meaning in practice when they design and run document mediating systems. The 'cognitive viewpoint' of Ingwersen and Belkin makes clear that information is not objective, but rather only potential, until it is interpreted by an individual mind with its own internal mental world view and purposes. It facilitates futher study of the social pragmatic conditions for the interpretation of concepts. This approach is not yet fully developed. The domain analytic paradigm of Hjoerland and Albrechtsen is a conceptual realisiation of an important aspect of this area. In the present paper we make a further development of a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human social communication by texts in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organised, self-creating) system. Other key ideas are from the semiotics of Peirce and also Warner. This is the understanding of signs as a triadic relation between an object, a representation and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, self-organising biological, psychological and social systems. Signification is created and controlled in an cybernetic way within social systems and is communicated through what Luhman calls generalised media, such as science and art. The modern socio-linguistic concept 'discourse communities' and Wittgenstein's 'language gane' concept give a further pragmatic description of the self-organising system's dynamic that determines the meaning of words in a social context. As Blair and Liebenau and Backhouse point out in their work it is these semantic fields of significance that are the true pragmatic tools of knowledge organisation and document retrieval. Methodologically they are the first systems to be analysed when designing document mediating systems as they set the context for the meaning of concepts. Several practical and analytical methods from linguistics and the sociology of knowledge can be used in combination with standard methodology to reveal the significant language games behind document mediation

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:01:22

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Abstract

This article develops a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human knowing in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organizing, self-creating) system. Another key idea comes from the semiotics of Peirce: the understanding of signs as a triatic relation between an object, a representation, and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, aelf-organizing, biological and social systems. As a concrete example we attempt to describe Library and Information Science (LIS) - especially Information Retrieval (IR) - in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The mn problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and language does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for LIS to organize and retrieve documents. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulate signs and how meaning is generated in autopoietic systems, and thereby the difference between physical and intellectual access

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Abstract

A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science identifies seven discourse strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are: (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internalisation of representations (d) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, (e) insistence upon knowledge, (f) constitution of the information scientist as an expert in image negotiation, and (g) instrumental reason, ruled by efficiency, standardisation, predictibility, and determination of effects. The discourse is guided throughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitive viewpoint's discursive strategy is to enable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural-scientific entities, and ti disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets

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Content

Vgl. auch: Siebert, H.: Sozialkonstruktivismus: Gesellschaft als Konstruktion. In: Journal of social science education. 3(2004) no.2, S.95-103.

Footnote

Originaltitel: The social construction of reality (1966).

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Abstract

Strategies for knowledge utilization in the health and social service fields have many conceptual linkages with the field of information science. Knowledge utilization involves interventiona aimed at increasing the use of knowledge to solve human problems. A review of definitions of various subfields included under this term is followed by a discussion of the historical evolution of knowledge utilization concepts and practices. Basic principles and strategies are presented, along with key issues confronting the field for the 1990s. Areas of current and future interaction with information science also are discussed

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Abstract

The value of information can be studied from 4 perspectives: the economic perspective; the organizational and resource management perspective; the costing, pricing and evaluation of information services; and the social value of information. Constructs a pragmatic framework for information value assessment consisting of 4 levels to determine information value in specific contexts, namely identification of the specific situation, specific determinants of the situation, techniques that can be applied to measure value, and the action that needs to be taken as well as the evaluation of the success of the process

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Abstract

Presents a comparison of the benefits and limits of 2 different approaches to users of information systems: the cognitivst point of view which tries to perfect man-machine interfaces by using the 'user model' concept; and the marketing point of view, basically entrepreneurial and commercial. Suggests that research should go beyond the mere structure of information retrieval systems and focus on the analysis of the social and professional practices in which information retrieval tasks are embedded

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Abstract

Godert notes that, having survived a period where we were drowning in information, we seem to be in a period where we are happily surfing the Internet. This communication considers the social implications of this change in fundamental metaphors about our relationship to information. It is first proposed that, though a paradigm shift has not occured, the significance of the change should not be minimized. The similarities and differences between surfing and drowning are then considered. Questions suggested by these similarities and differences are offered for consideration

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Abstract

The inferential communication model, which implies that the meaning of a document is inferred in the context of the user's situation to result in different meanings for users in different situations, is used to study an inferential science document representation method. Several topical components and non topical components of the science document were found as the inferred meanings of the document. These show the science document aspects which are used for relevance judgements. Science documents need to be represented in terms of these aspects for effective system's, intermediary's, and user's judgements of the meaning and the relevance of the document

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Abstract

A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science (LIS) identifies seven discursive strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internationalization of representation, (d) insistence upon knowledge, (e) constitution of the information scientists as an expert in image negotiation, (f) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, and (g) instrumental reasons, rules by efficiency, standardization, predictibility,a nd determination of effects. The discourse is guided troughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitiv viewpoint's discoursive strategy is to anable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural scientif entites, and to disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets

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Abstract

Historicial studies using computers and social science research methodologies share many interests, techniques, methods and approaches with modern information science. The major difference is a focus on retrospective rather than contemporary research topics and attendant differences in methods resulting from the nature of historical sources and the impact of time on interpretation. Whereas historical informatics evolved as a focus on computer science and history from quantification research, this field is still growing and absorbing in an interdisciplinary manner material, methods and approaches from other fields in accord with the syncretic nature of history. This enlarged arena may be called Historical Information Science, which is exemplified by the recent conferences and activities of the International Association of History and Computing

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Abstract

Presents a critical review of the sense making theory of Brenda Dervin, an important contribution to the theory building in information studies. Special attention is given to the use of the sense making theory in empirical research. Claims that the difficulties faced in data collection and analysis when applying sense making as a methodology are dur to the fact that the conceptual apparatus developed by Dervin has not yet been sufficiently elaborated. Dervin, along with many other theorizers of information seeking and use, is also criticized for ignoring the social nature and context of knowledge and thought. The construction of meaning, and thinking in general, it not only a subjective process but it also involves socially shared representations and ideas

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Abstract

Library and information science (LIS) is a discipline based on communication. Research questions in LIS include those focusing on the retrieval use of information, information services, and information technology. Moreover, the questions asked and the thought relevant to the study of information are communicated formally within the profession primarily through the literature. This sensitivity to communication suggests that discourse analysis has the advantage of being able to address questions regarding both spoken and written communications and so can be applied to matters of articulations of purpose in the field. 2 key elements of language form the heart of discourse analysis: form and function. Applications of discourse analysis to information include investigations of the social, political, and technical uses of the word information as they have implications for theory and practice

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Abstract

Describes and compares 5 approaches to understanding the concept of the information society and identifies significant themes and controversies in the information science literature. The major topics discussed include: the concept of the information society (continuitiy or discontinuity); assumptions on the nature of information (information as a commodity or a public good); the role and social impact of information technology (optimistic, pessimistic or pluralistic view); and the provision and distribution of government information and services (tension between public and private sectors). Analyses how these underlying belief structures have influenced government information policies in the USA and how they might influence future policy making

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Abstract

Throughout history, science has been considered as the engine of modernity, signalling the supremacy of rational thought. The post-modern world, in contrast, is characterised by globalisation engendered by the development of communication technology. In this context, information is a social product and information science has broken from the traditional model of science, abandoning its initial attempt to establish laws and focusing instead on users. This has resulted in interdisciplinary links with related fields such as psychology, communications theory etc. In Brazil development is unequal, with some regions at a post-modern stage and other still feudal or pre-modern. The role of information here is to level these disparities and create a more just society

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Abstract

Reproduces the opening session of the Madrid Conference on 'Foundations of Information Science' organized by the university Carlos III of Madrid and the University of Saragossa, in July 94. This conference was an attempt to rescue information as a central scientific tool and put it into a new context so as to serve as a basis for a fundamental disciplinary development. The novelty of the conference was that, instead of attempting a precise 'atomic' definition, information was understood as related to a widespread network of processes potentially involving the integration of subatomic molecular, cellular, computational, human and social occurences, demanding both a unifying and a multiperspective approach