Search (91 results, page 5 of 5)

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Abstract

Recently, a new book on knowledge organization has been published by Greenwood Press. The title is 'Information seeking and subject representation: an activity-theoretical approach to information science'. This book presents a new general theory for information science and knowledge organization, based on a theory of information seeking. The author is Dr. Birger Hjørland, Royal School of Library and Information Science. In 1994, he presented his work on theory for KO at the 3rd International ISKO conference in Copenhagen. The book aims to provide both a new understanding for the foundations of information science and knowledge organization, and to provide new directions in research and teaching within these fields. KO (Hanne Albrechtsen) has interviewed Birger HjÝrland in Copenhagen about his views on knowledge organization and subject representation

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Abstract

The paper proposes a four-level architecture for the cognitive apparatus of ... systems, addresses the handling of nested time scales, tries a first step towards ... approximation of consciousness as a linear abstract control channel within a ... architecture, and describes a number of interplays between an intuitive (sub...) symbolic level of information processing. Furthermore, concrete models, ... model of the environment, partner model, and Eigenmodel of a system are discussed ... comments to test beds are included, as are hints to the project AMOS at FAW ... some of the topics discussed within a platform-based realization, particularly between subsymbolic and symbolic forms of information processing

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Abstract

Internet use research has focused on user surveys and novice learner studies, using survey, experimental, and ethnographic methods. They share a focus on user-based categories in the affective and cognitve domains. Information behaviour has an affective component that influences the direction of cognitive processing through hierarchically organized goals, characterized by both an individual and a cultural component. Research in human-computer interaction is evolving a user-centred methodology for system design and instruction that focuses on integrating affective and cognitive user variables to increase productivity, creativity, and human growth

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Abstract

Epistemological theories of information science have a fundamental impact on theories about users, their cognition and information seeking behaviour, on subject analysis, and on classification. They also have a fundamental impact on information retrieval, on the understanding of 'information', on the view of documents and their role in communication, on information selection, on theories about the functions of information systems and on the role of information professionals. Asserts that information science must be based on epistemological knowledge, which avoids blind alleys and is not outdated. Shows limitations in the dominant approaches to information science and proposes alternative viewpoints

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Abstract

This study establishes 3 predominant cognitive models of information and the information transfer process manifest in the literature of library and information science, based on a linguistic analysis of phrases incoporating the word 'information' from a random sample of abstracts in the LISA database. The direct communication (DC) and indirect communication (IC) models (drawn from Reddy's frameworks of metalinguistic usage) adopt the perspective of the information system; the information-seeking (IS) model takes the viewpoint of the information user. 2 disturbing findings are presented: 1. core elements of the DC and IC models are more weakly supported by the data than are most of the peripheral elements; and 2. even though the IS model presents the information user's perspective, the data emphasise the role of the information system. These findings suggest respectively that the field lacks a coherent model of information transfer per se and that our model of information retrieval is mechanistic, oblivious to the cognitive models of end users

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Abstract

Management information systems (MIS) is a young and dynamic technological discipline that is greatly in need of a theoretical foundation in order to be recognized as an academic field. A key to this search is the construction of a paradigm which engulfs a set of objects that is genuinely indigenous to MIS. This study is a modest attempt to identify this set of objects and to construct a simple model based on them. A basic entity model is constructed to provide a better understanding for the fundamental theory of information. The model identifies the four basic entities which define the scope of information theory and establishes the 4 fundamental postulates which can serve as its foundation. The 4 basic entities are data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The order of the entity as specified is important. Each entity is transformed to the next higher one during entity processing reduces the entropy of the entity so that further analysis can be executed more systematically. This concept enforces the fact that all computerized information systems also have a similar basic role

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Abstract

Based on the Blomqvist lecture delivered in Boras Oct 96, Daniel Bell proposed a new model called the Post-Undustrial Society in which information is a market commodity. This metaphor had an impact on US information policy. Examines 2 recent examples of government intervention in national library affairs, one providing massive state support for libraries, the other Reagan's attempt to redefine the purpose of libraries. Hopes for return to the idea of information as a public good were not fulfilled with Clinton, who quickly moved to support private sector development of the information market place, thus eroding government support for the public library system. The Administration's defence of intellectual property rights threatens fair use for library users. While aware of the need to secure free flow of ideas the government is also pressured to impose censorship of violent and pornographic materials. But the most disturbing feature is the implication that the information system should be privatised

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Abstract

Addresses the challenge for the library and information profession - in embracing the emerging global information society and the need to manage the changes that come with this. Considers the historical background of public funded libraries of all kinds and the public service ethos which has sustained them over many generations. This ethos is now being challenged in turn by the concept of information as a marketable commodity rather than a right of citizenship. Notes that the forces of the private sector and the market economy are driving the new concept of information as such a marketable commodity, and that there is a clash of values between the earlier traditions which were led by the public sector, and the current situation, driven by the private sector. The conclusion summarises the significance of both a traditional, book-based culture and that of information and communications technologies and draws a comparison between these and the two cultures of C.P. Snow's paper of 1959 (The Reed Lecture).

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Content

Enthält die Kapitel: (1) HEIT, E.: Knowledge and concept learning (2) HAHN, U. u. N. CHATER: Concepts and similarity (3) MURPHY, G.L. u. M.E. LASSALINE: Hierarchical structure in concepts and the basic level of categorization (4) HAMPTON, J.: Conceptual combination (5) SMITH, L.B. u. L.K. SAMUELSON; Perceiving and remembering: category stability, variability and development (6) SHANKS, D.R.: Distributed representations and implicit knowledge: a brief introduction (7) KNOWLTON, B.: Declarative and nondeclarative knowledge: insights from cognitive neurosciences (8) GOSCHKE, T.: Implicit learning and unconscious knowledge: mental representation, computational mechanisms, and brain structures (9) WHITTLESEA, B.W.A.: The representation of general and particular knowledge (10) LAMBERTS, K.: Process models of categorization (11) BUSEMEYER, J.R. u.a.: Learning functional relations based on experience with input-output pairs by humans and artificial neural networks (12) STORMS, G. u. P. DeBOECK: Formal models for intra-categorial structure that can be used for data analysis

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Abstract

This article attempts to lay down theoretical groundwork for information retrieval that involves the combinded efforts of several users. It is argued that the fundamental intellectual problems of IR are the production and consumption of knowledge. Knowledge production is fundamentally a collaborative labor, which is deeply embedded in the practices of a community of participants constituing a domain. The current technological advances in networked systems make the intertextual and intersubjective nature of meaning production and communication readily visible by merging various heterogeneous media into the homogenizing framework of the digital medium. Collaborative IR as envisaged in this article would be based on the ethos of voluntary cooperation to facilitate free exchange of ideas and stimulate creativity. What sorts of functionalities can be expected in a Collaborative IR system are illustrated with the help of some examples of collaborative systems and services from various domains

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Source

Analogie in der Wissensrepräsentation: Case-Based Reasoning und räumliche Modelle. 4. Tagung der deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation, Trier, 17.-20. Oktober 1995. Hrsg.: H. Czap u.a